Table 1.

Mechanism of action and effects of common H₂S donors in different diseases.

H2S Donor	Mechanism of Action	Disease Models	Effects on Cells	References
S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC)	Ameliorates Nrf2-ARE pathway	In rheumatoid arthritis	Anti-inflammatory	[31]
	Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines	In pancreatitis-induced acute lung injury	Anti-inflammatory	[32]
	Decreases the ROS formation, Bax caspase 3 and 9, increase Bcl-2 expression	Myocardial infarction and heart failure	Antioxidant Promotes angiogenesis	[33]
Morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl-morp holino-phosphinodithioate (GYY4137)	Inhibition of P13/Akt/TLR4 pathway	Atherosclerosis	Maintain mitochondrial function	[34]
	Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines	RSV-infected cells	Anti-inflammatory	[35]
	Activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway and suppression of NOS2 and COX-2 expression.	In osteoarthritis	Antioxidant	[36]
	Decreased upregulation of iNOS, COX2, NF-кB, and STAT 3	Endotoxemia	Anti-inflammatory	[37]
	Increased TGF-β expression and decreased IFN-γ and IL-17 production	Multiple sclerosis	Anti-inflammatory	[38]
AP-39	Modulation of AMPK/UCP2 pathway and decrease in ROS	Ischemia–reperfusion injury and cardiotoxicity	Antioxidant Maintain mitochondrial function	[39]
	Decrease in MPO and IL-6 levels, increase in IL-10 levels	Acute lung injury	Anti-inflammatory	[40]
Allicin and Diallyl disulfide (DADS)	Activates Nrf2/ARE pathway	Cardiac hypertrophy and Alzheimer’s disease	Antioxidant	[41,42,43]
	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines	In viral-associated lung injury	Anti-inflammatory	[44]
	Suppression of p-AKT, NOS2, and PI3K levels	In osteoarthritis	Mitigate pain	[45]
S-diclofenac	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	Pancreatic and acute lung injury in acute pancreatitis	Anti-inflammatory	[46]
	Stabilizes P53, P21, P53AIPI, and Bax	Atherosclerosis	Antiproliferative	[36]
	Inhibition of COX enzymes, NO production, and decreased MPO activity	Carrageenan induced hind-paw edema	Anti-inflammatory	[47]
NaHS	Activation of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways	Sepsis-induced organ damage	Pro-inflammatory	[48]
	Activation of NF-κB and Src-family kinase signaling pathways	Acute pancreatitis	Pro-inflammatory	[49]
	Activation of cGMP/PKG signaling pathway	Myocardial infarction	Antioxidant	[50]
	Inhibition of mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss	Parkinson’s disease	Relieve mitochondrial dysfunction	[51]
	Inhibits IkB-a degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation	Atherosclerosis	Decreases expression of adhesion molecules (specifically ICAM-1)	[52]