Table 2.
Laboratory characteristics of subjects.
| Control (n = 75) | GGC (n = 75) | PGC (n = 75) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FBG (mg/dL) | 90.708 ± 7.085 | 145.665 ± 55.067 a *** | 173.653 ± 72.350 a ***, b ** |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.581 ± 0.324 | 6.371 ± 0.421 a *** | 8.913± 1.533 a ***, b *** |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 6.714 ± 1.046 | 14.977 ± 9.062 a *** | 20.941 ± 18.900 a ***, b ** |
| HOMA-IR | 1.505 ± 0.263 | 5.485 ± 4.328 a * | 10.702 ± 15.002 a ***, b *** |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.730 ± 0.182 | 0.824 ± 0.258 | 0.922 ± 0.419 a *** |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 12.216 ± 3.861 | 15.381 ± 5.269 a ** | 18.398 ± 10.569 a ***, b * |
| Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 4.958 ± 1.404 | 5.233 ± 1.452 | 5.752 ± 1.900 a ** |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.037 ± 0.295 | 6.912 ± 2.494 | 6.615 ± 0.556 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.392 ± 0.234 | 4.040 ± 0.578 a *** | 3.848 ± 0.590 a ***, b * |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.114 ± 0.320 | 9.205 ± 0.377 | 9.132 ± 0.663 |
| Phosphorous (mg/dL) | 3.308 ± 0.481 | 3.542 ± 0.626 | 3.681 ± 0.731 a *** |
| Urine protein (mg/g) | 9.309 ± 4.946 | 16.200 ± 36.304 | 39.467 ± 67.367 a ***, b ** |
| Microalbuminuria | 7.791 ± 17.198 | 13.157 ± 28.390 | 146.416 ± 284.968 a ***, b *** |
| Urinary creatinine (IU/g creatinine) | 104.093 ± 35.538 | 105.426 ± 70.805 | 101.227 ± 75.408 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 105.705 ± 13.722 | 123.516 ± 43.236 a ** | 102.171 ± 45.759 b ** |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175.000 ± 12.965 | 200.260 ± 29.690 a *** | 214.691 ± 32.868 a ***, b ** |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 108.097 ± 49.473 | 131.260 ± 41.733 a * | 151.525 ± 79.088 a *** |
| VLDL (mg/dL) | 21.619 ± 9.895 | 26.252 ± 8.347 a * | 30.305 ± 15.818 a *** |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 48.952 ± 8.631 | 36.645 ± 7.493 a *** | 38.947 ± 7.022 a *** |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 104.429 ± 16.489 | 137.363 ± 30.130 a *** | 145.439 ± 30.745 a *** |
| LOOH (nmol/mL) | 0.717 ± 0.216 | 0.952 ± 0.405 a * | 1.225 ± 0.917 a ***, b * |
| GSH (mg/dL) | 3.802 ± 1.019 | 2.449 ± 0.947 a *** | 1.633 ± 0.801 a ***, b *** |
| MDA (nmol/mL) | 2.372 ± 0.786 | 3.054 ± 1.029 a *** | 3.639 ± 0.765 a ***, b *** |
| Cu/Zn-SOD (U/L) | 23.831 ± 3.227 | 18.173 ± 4.655 a *** | 11.446 ± 3.413 a ***, b *** |
| TAC (µg ascorbic acid equivalent/mL) | 1.281 ± 0.529 | 0.625 ± 0.442 a *** | 0.319 ± 0.212 a ***, b *** |
| Asprosin (ng/mL) | 7.067 ± 2.712 | 20.194 ± 5.297 a *** | 27.583 ± 14.302 a ***, b *** |
FBG, Fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; Data are given as Mean ± Std. Deviation. a: vs. control group, b: vs. GCC group, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001. FBG: Fasting blood glucose.