Table 4.

The protective effects of protein hydrolysates from different tilapia tissues in cells under oxidative stress ^a.

Part of Tilapia	Species	Protease Used for Hydrolysis	Sample Dose	Cell Model	Key Findings	Reference
Muscle	Oreochromis niloticus	Protease A “Amano” 2 Protease N “Amano” Cryotin-F Flavourzyme® Neutrase®	7.5–25%	H2O2-treated mononuclear cells Phorbol myristate acetate-treated mononuclear cells	Increased radical scavenging ability Reduced ROS production	[56]
Skin	Oreochromis niloticus	Alcalase® followed with Pronase E®	1.56–12.5 mg/mL	AAPH-treated Detroit 551 cells	Increased cell viability against oxidative damage	[49]
Skin	Oreochromis niloticus	Ginger protease	0.5–10 mg/mL	H2O2-treated IPEC-J2 cells	Reduced ROS production Reduced LDH release Increased transepithelial electrical resistance Increased expression of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase and GSH level	[55]
Scales	Oreochromis sp.	Alcalase®	2 mg/mL	Angiotensin II-treated A7r5 cells	Reduced O2●− production	[50]
Scales	Oreochromis niloticus	Trypsin	50–500 µg/mL	UVA radiation-treated HFF-1 cells	Reduced ROS production Increased SOD activity and GSH level Increased cell migration Reduced MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-12 secretion Increased collagen I and elastin secretion	[51]
Dorsal meat	Oreochromis niloticus	Alcalase® followed with pepsin and pancreatin	0.1–5.0 mg/mL	AAPH-treated HepG2 cells	Reduced ROS production	[47]

^a AAPH, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; A7r5, rat vascular smooth muscle; Detroit 551, human embryonic skin fibroblast; GSH, reduced glutathione; HepG2, human hepatocellular carcinoma; HFF-1, human foreskin fibroblast; IPEC-J2, porcine jejunal; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; O₂^●−, superoxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; UVA, ultraviolet A.