Table 5.

Cellular effects of peptides derived from O. niloticus protein hydrolysates ^a.

Part of Tilapia Hydrolyzed	Protease Used for Hydrolysis	Peptide Identified	Sample Dose	Cell Model	Key Findings	Reference
Scale	Alcalase®	DPALATEPDPMPF	20–200 µg/mL [53] 1–20 µg/mL [54]	H2O2-treated RAW 264.7 cells H2O2-treated BV-2 cells	Reduced ROS production Reduced DNA oxidative damage	[53,54]
Muscle	Flavourzyme®	KAFAVIDQDKSGFIEEDELKLFLQNFSAGARAGDSDGDGKIGVDEFAALVK	100 µg/mL	H2O2-treated RAW 264.7 cells	Reduced ROS production	[48]
		AFAVIDQDKSGFIEEDELKLFLQNFSAGARAGDSDGDGKIGVDEFAALVK	100 µg/mL	Lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells	Reduced NO production
Skin	Pepsin followed with pancreatin	GYTGL LGATGL VLGL	50–200 µg/mL	UVB radiation-treated MEF cells	Reduced ROS production Reduced MMP-1 activity Increased collagen production	[42,43]
Skin	Multifect neutral® followed with Properase E®	YGDEY	10–100 µM	UVB radiation-treated HaCaT cells	Reduced ROS production Reduced DNA oxidative damage Increased SOD activity and GSH level Reduced MMP-1 and MMP-9 secretion/activity Increased procollagen I production Suppressed inflammation	[43,57]
			10–100 µM	Ethanol-treated HepG2 cells	Reduced ROS production Reduced DNA oxidative damage Increased SOD activity and GSH level Reduced GGT level Reduced apoptosis	[43,46]
Muscle	Alcalase®	EKL EKP HKPA ELSC ALSC ASLCH SLCH LPGYF LEVPGY	10–100 µM	AAPH-treated HepG2 cells	Reduced ROS production	[29]

^a AAPH, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; BV-2, murine microglial; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; GSH, reduced glutathione; HaCaT, human keratinocyte; HepG2, human hepatoma; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NO, nitric oxide; O₂^●−, superoxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RAW 264.7, mouse macrophage; SOD, superoxide dismutase; UVB, ultraviolet B.