Table 1.

Summarizing the medical applications of HA.

Medical Field	Application	Description	References
Dermatology	Skin moisturization	HA is widely used in topical formulations (creams, serums) to hydrate and improve skin elasticity.	[10,11]
	Dermal fillers	Injected as a filler to reduce wrinkles and enhance facial volume in cosmetic treatments.	[12]
	Wound healing	Used in wound dressings to promote tissue repair and hydration of chronic wounds.	[13,14,15,16,17,18]
Ophthalmology	Ocular lubricants	Found in artificial tears and eye drops to treat dry eyes and enhance comfort during ocular surgeries.	[19,20,21]
	Eye surgery	Used during cataract surgery and other ocular procedures to maintain eye structure and protect tissues.	[22,23,24,25,26,27]
Orthopedics	Osteoarthritis treatment	Injected into joints (e.g., knee) as a viscosupplementation to lubricate and reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis.	[28]
	Cartilage regeneration	Investigated as a scaffold material for cartilage repair and tissue engineering.	[29,30,31]
Aesthetic Medicine	Facial rejuvenation	Injected for skin hydration, volume restoration, and anti-aging effects in aesthetic treatments.	[32,33,34]
Rheumatology	Pain management in joint disorders	Intra-articular injections used to relieve pain and improve mobility in rheumatoid arthritis and joint disorders.	[28,35,36]
Surgery	Post-surgical adhesion Prevention	Applied in gels to reduce the formation of adhesions after surgeries, particularly in abdominal and pelvic operations.	[37,38,39]
Dentistry	Periodontal therapy	Applied in periodontal treatments to promote healing of gum tissues and reduce inflammation.	[40,41,42]