Table 2.
Total and free amino acids content in coffee pulp flour (CPF) and extract (CPE) expressed as mg amino acids 100 g−1 of material (dw) and shorted by essential (EAAs) and non-essential (NEAAs) amino acids.
| Amino Acids | Total Amino Acids | Free Amino Acids | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPF | CPE | CPF | CPE | |
| Essential amino acids (EAA) | ||||
| Histidine | 55.7 ± 1.7 hi*# | 9.8 ± 0.8 hi | 0.03 ± <0.1 d* | 0.08 ± <0.01 j# |
| Isoleucine | 68.3 ± 3.7 h*# | 13.3 ± 0.5 hi | 0.3 ± <0.1 d* | 1.0 ± <0.1 ghij# |
| Leucine | 130.0 ± 6.9 f*# | 24.1 ± 1.3 ghi | 0.2 ± <0.1 d* | 0.7 ± <0.01 ij# |
| Lysine | 55.5 ± 1.4 hi*# | 8.3 ± 2.8 hi | 0.01 ± <0.01 d* | 0.2 ± <0.1 ij# |
| Methionine | 15.4 ± 0.8 k*# | 4.1 ± 1.5 i | 0.04 ± <0.1 d | 0.03 ± <0.01 j# |
| Phenylalanine | 125.3 ± 5.5 fg*# | 40.2 ± 1.0 fg | 6.6 ± 0.8 b* | 2.4 ± 0.1 fgh# |
| Threonine | 65.2 ± 3.6 h*# | 29.9 ± 0.3 fgh | 0.1 ± <0.1 d* | 0.8 ± <0.1 ij# |
| Valine | 115.0 ± 4.7 g*# | 41.2 ± 0.9 fg | 0.9 ± <0.1 cd* | 2.5 ± <0.1 fg# |
| Non-essential amino acids (NEAA) | ||||
| Alanine | 203.4 ± 8.8 cd*# | 116.7 ± 9.8 d | 6.2 ± 0.7 b* | 14.9 ± 0.5 d# |
| Arginine | 60.7 ± 1.4 hi# | 65.8 ± 4.4 e | 2.0 ± 0.4 c* | 10.7 ± <0.1 e# |
| Aspartic acid | 333.2 ± 2.3 a# | 308.9 ± 14.8 a | 6.3 ± 1.0 b* | 30.3 ± 0.1 b# |
| Cysteine | 34.4 ± 1.0 j# | 25.4 ± 9.3 ghi | 0.4 ± <0.1 d* | 0.8 ± 0.1 hij# |
| Glutamic acid | 216.8 ± 11.5 bc*# | 131.7 ± 7.6 c | 0.6 ± 0.1 cd* | 3.2 ± 0.1 f# |
| Glycine | 224.3 ± 15.2 b*# | 51.4 ± 0.4 ef | 0.2 ± 0.1 d* | 1.8 ± <0.1 fghi# |
| Proline | 197.1 ± 4.2 d*# | 235.4 ± 21.6 b | 26.4 ± 2.2 a* | 74.2 ± 2.9 a# |
| Serine | 175.1 ± 6.8 e*# | 112.3 ± 8.4 d | 6.7 ± 1.4 b* | 27.1 ± <0.1 c# |
| Tyrosine | 48.4 ± 9.3 ij*# | 10.9 ± 2.0 hi | 0.1 ± <0.1 d* | 0.9 ± <0.1 ghij# |
| ∑AA | 2123.7 ± 75.8 *# | 1229.3 ± 56.8 | 57.3 ± 6.8 * | 171.7 ± 3.5 # |
| ∑EAA | 630.4 ± 28.3 *# | 170.8 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± <0.1 # |
| ∑NEAA | 1493.3 ± 47.5 *# | 1058.6 ± 55.8 | 48.9 ± 6.0 * | 163.9 ± 3.5 # |
| % EAA | 29.7 ± 0.3 *# | 13.9 ± 0.6 | 14.6 ± 0.4 * | 4.5 ± 0.1 # |
| % NEAA | 70.3 ± 0.3 *# | 86.1 ± 0.6 | 85.4 ± 0.4 * | 95.5 ± 0.1 # |
| EAA/NEAA | 0.4 ± <0.1 *# | 0.2 ± <0.1 | 0.2 ± <0.1 * | 0.1 ± <0.1 # |
| EAAI (%) | 76.4 ± 0.8 * | 38.0 ± 2.0 | - | - |
Results are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different superscript letters indicate significant differences within columns (Tukey’s test, p < 0.05). Superscript asterisks (*) and hash (#) symbols denote significant differences (T-test, p < 0.05) in TAA (either FAA) content between or within matrices, respectively.