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. 2024 Sep 14;25(18):9940. doi: 10.3390/ijms25189940

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The kynurenine pathway. 3-HAA, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; 3-HK, 3-hydroxykynurenine; AA, anthranilic acid; 3-HAAO, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase; IDO1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1; IDO2, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2; KATs, kynurenine aminotransferase; KMO, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase; KYN, kynurenine; KYNA, kynurenic acid; KYNU, kynureninase; NAD⁺, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; PA, picolinic acid; QA, quinolinic acid; QPRT, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase; TDO, tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase; Trp, tryptophan; XA, xanthurenic acid. Created with https://www.BioRender.com (accessed on 1 August 2024).