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. 2024 Sep 16;25(18):9975. doi: 10.3390/ijms25189975

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Complex regulatory networks in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease has a complex etiology that includes both genetic and environmental influences. The three that will most likely impact mitochondrial function, cause abnormalities in mitochondrial electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately result in nerve cell death are oxidative stress, SNCA mutation, and LRRK2 mutation.