Figure 6.

The lines represent the confidence intervals around the effect estimates, indicating the range within which the true effect size is likely to fall. Each circle corresponds to an individual study included in the meta-analysis, with the size of the circle potentially reflecting the study’s weight or sample size. Larger circles denote studies with greater weight or larger sample sizes. The diamond symbol signifies the overall effect estimate from the meta-analysis. The center of the diamond marks the pooled effect size, and the width of the diamond indicates the confidence interval for this estimate [2,3,15,35,36,37,38].