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. 2024 Sep 12;14(9):1156. doi: 10.3390/life14091156

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of left ventricular pressure (LVP), left atrial pressure (LAP), and LV filling rate during the relaxation phase. The cardiac cycle consists of six phases: isovolumetric relaxation (phase 1), LV active relaxation (early rapid filling in phase 2 and inflow deceleration in phase 3), diastasis (phase 4), and LA contraction (the A wave upstroke in phase 5 and the A wave downstroke in phase 6). The initial pressure crossover marks the conclusion of isovolumic relaxation and the commencement of early rapid filling. which begins with the opening of the mitral valve. During this phase, LAP surpasses LVP, hastening mitral flow, and peak mitral E aligns with the second crossover. Subsequently, LVP surpasses LAP, slowing mitral flow and demarcating the early rapid filling phase and inflow deceleration phase. These phases are succeeded by diastasis, characterized by minimal pressure differentials. During LA contraction, LAP once again surpasses LVP, and an A wave appears. E: mitral peak velocity of early filling; A: mitral peak velocity of late filling.