Table 7. Multinomial logistic regression of diabetic retinopathy grading prediction by different variables (mild as a reference).

CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation; *: statistically significant

Variable	Diabetic retinopathy, OR (95%CI)
	Moderate	p-value	Severe	p-value	Proliferative	p-value
Age	0.992 (0.961, 1.024)	0.618	0.962 (0.925, 1)	0.051	0.977 (0.948, 1.008)	0.144
Sex	0.632 (0.338, 1.182)	0.151	0.947 (0.445, 2.013)	0.887	0.815 (0.448, 1.482)	0.502
Smoking status	0.964 (0.828, 1.121)	0.631	0.996 (0.834, 1189)	0.962	0.930 (0.802, 1.080)	0.343
BMI	0.964 (0.828, 1.121)	0.631	0.996 (0.834, 1.189)	0.962	0.93 (0.802, 1.08)	0.343
DM medications	0.921 (0.709, 1.197)	0.538	1.044 (0.775, 1.407)	0.776	1.121 (0.887, 1.419)	0.339
HbA1c	1.216 (0.86, 1.72)	0.268	1.18 (0.784, 1.775)	0.428	1.047 (0.743, 1.474)	0.793
Categories of hemoglobin level in males	1.006 (0.658, 1.537)	0.98	0.733 (0.382, 1.404)	0.349	1.286 (0.892, 1.855)	0.178
Hemoglobin level in males	0.999 (0.774, 1.29)	0.995	1.139 (0.842, 1.542)	0.399	0.775 (0.611, 0.983)	0.036*
Categories of hemoglobin level in females	1.028 (0.765, 1.382)	0.855	0.98 (0.673, 1.426)	0.916	1.036 (0.776, 1.384)	0.81
Hemoglobin level in females	1.018 (0.754, 1.373)	0.909	1.124 (0.766, 1.651)	0.55	0.987 (0.737, 1.322)	0.932
Macular edema	3.788 (1.968, 7.29)	<0.0001*	5.035 (2.217, 11.435)	<0.0001*	2.534 (1.369, 4.688)	<0.0001*