Table 1.
The most frequent and widely recognized methods of plant material surface sterilization [52].
| No. | Method of Plant Material Sterilization | Plant or Plants Part Example | Endophytes Isolated | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single compound approach | ||||
| 1 | EtOH 70–99% (different times) | Nepenthes species; Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus ficaria, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Sambucus nigra | Acremonium sp. Libertella heveae | [53,54,55] |
| 2 | NaOCl 2–30% (up to 30 min) | leaves stems and roots Pistacia atlantica L.; Simmondsia chinensis |
Total of 61 endophytes, with 10 belonging to genus Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and Serratia; Bacillus sp., Methylobacterium aminovorans, Oceanobacillus kimchi, Rhodococcus pyridinivorans, and Streptomyces sp. |
[56,57] |
| 3 | 0.1% HgCl2 (1–10 min) | Ziziphus nummularia | Microsporum gypseum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus calidoustus, Penicillium viridicatum, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Penicillium marneffei | [58] |
| 4 | Surfactants | Leaves, stems, and roots | [59] | |
| 5 | Tween 20 0.01–10% | Leaves, stems, and roots | 127 Endophytic fungi | [60] |
| 6 | Tween 80 0.1% | Fruits | [61] | |
| 7 | Teepol 5% | Leaves, stems, and roots | 228 Isolates representing at least 19 genera of actinobacteria | [62] |
| 8 | Triton X-100 0.05–0.1% | Leaves, stems, and roots | 116 endophytic fungi | [63,64,65] |
| 10 | Hydrogen peroxide 3–90% | Leaves, stems, and roots | [59,66] | |
| Combined approach | ||||
| 11 | 2% NaOCl + 0.1% Tween 20 | Roots (tomato) | Rhizobium, Bacillus, Microbacterium, Enterobacter species | [67,68] |
| 12 | 70% EtOH-3.125% NaOCl | Psidium guajava and Ziziphus mauritiana | 7 Endophytic actinomycetes | [53] |
| 13 | 75% EtOH (2 min) and 1.5%NaOCl (3 min) | Brassica olerocea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus | 4178 Endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 51 different genera |
[69] |
| 14 | 70% EtOH (1 min), 2.5% NaOCl (3 min); 70% EtOH (1 min), 2.5% NaOCl (1 min), and 70% EtOH (30 s) | Roots and leaves of Salvia abrotanoides | 56 Endophytes | [70] |
| 15 | 75% EtOH (2 min), 2% NaOCl (3 min), and 75% EtOH (30 s) | Gnetum gnemon |
Staphylococcus warneri, Solibacillus isronensis, Bacillus megaterium, Caballeronia glebae; Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus atrophaeus |
[71] |
| 16 | 75% EtOH (1 min), 1% HgCl2 (4 min), and 75% EtOH (1 min) | Lycoris radiata | Total of 188 bacterial endophytes | [72] |
| 17 | 70% EtOH (1 min), 2.5% NaOCl (2 min), and 70% EtOH (1 min) | Stems, leaves, and capsules of Spiranthes spiralis, Serapiasvomeracea, and Neottia
ovata |
50 bacteria belonging to genera Sphingomonas, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptomyces |
[73] |
| 18 | 75% EtOH (1 min), 1% NaOCl (3 min), and 75% EtOH (30 s) |
Artemisia nilagirica |
Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Psychrobacter sp., Serratia sp., Microbacterium sp., Enterobacter sp., Chromobacterium violaceum, and Kosakonia cowanii |
[74] |
| 19 | 75% EtOH (1 min) and 5% NaOCl (8 min) | Lycium ruthenicum | 109 Endophytic bacteria with 36 genera | [65,68] |
| 20 | Cycloheximide (100 mg/L) and nalidixic acid (20 mg/L) (1 min), 5% NaOCl 5 min), 2.5% Na2S2O3 (10 min), and 10% NaHCO3 (10 min) | Glycine max | 70 Endophytic actinobacteria belonging to 14 genera |
[75] |
| 21 | 70% EtOH (3 min), 8% NaOCl (4–5 min), 2.5% Na2S2O3 (10 min), and 70% EtOH (1 min) | Camellia sinensis | 46 Actinobacteria belonging to families Streptomycetaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Camellia sinensis, Nocardioidaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Dermatophilaceae, Nocardiopsaceae, Nocardiaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Dermacoccaceae, Micromonosporaceae, and Pseudonocardiaceae |
[76] |
| 22 | 70% EtOH (1 min), 1.2% NaOCl (15 min), and 75% EtOH (30 s) | Oryza sativa | 87 Endophytic bacteria | [77] |
| 23 | 2.5% NaOCl (2 min), and 75% EtOH (30 s) | Pinus cotorta |
77 Endophytic diazotrophs Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium |
[78] |
| 24 | Surfactant-75% EtOH (10 min), 5.25% NaOCl (10 min), and 70% EtOH (2 min) | Phoenix dactylifera L. | 14 Endophytic bacteria | [79] |
| 25 | 5% NaOCl (4–10 min), 2.5% Na2S2O3 (10 min), and 75% EtOH and 10% NaHCO3 (10 min) | 12 Forest trees | 2174 Actinobacteria | [80] |
| 26 | 0.1% Tween 20 and 70% EtOH (3 min), 0.4% NaOCl (1 min), and 70% EtOH (2 min) | 7 Medicinal plants | 13 Streptomyces sp., 2 Microbacterium sp., 1 Leifsonia xyli, 1 Brevibacterium sp., 1 Actinomycete |
[81] |
| 30 | 0.01% Tween 20 (1 min), 2.5% NaOCl (2.5 min), 2.5% Na2S2O3 (5 min), 75% EtOH (2.5 min), and 10% NaHCO3 (5 min) | Dioscorea zingiberensis | 123 Strains of endophytic fungi, most abundant genera | [77] |