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. 2024 Aug 31;15(9):1122. doi: 10.3390/mi15091122

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Condensation reactions forming metal–oxygen–metal bonds in non-aqueous sol–gel processes include: alkyl halide elimination (Equation (1)), ether elimination (Equation (2)), ester elimination (Equation (3)), and aldol-like condensation (Equation (4)) [42].