Figure 6.

Schematic representation of the conversion of the digested food into metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and its components like acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which have been shown to indirectly influence the learning and memory process by controlling the energy balance. Decreasing Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) levels have been shown to generate epileptic seizures. The dopamine–norepinephrine–epinephrine cycle stimulates hormonal and neuronal pathways, while norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and histamine can function as both hormones and neurotransmitters and play a role in excitation/inhibition balance in the brain and epileptogenesis in addition to GABA. This figure was generated using BioRender (www.biorender.com; accessed on 3 May 2024).