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Either ingestion or conversion to LPS or an increase in the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory microbes can lead to a leaky gut membrane, which is characterised by an elevated response by the immune system. The release of chemokines, cytokines, and interleukins contributes to the progressing havoc leading to inflammatory bowel disease. This figure was generated using BioRender (www.biorender.com; accessed on 3 May 2024).
