Table 5.

Bacterial strains isolated from the canine and feline with probiotic properties and used for improving gut microbiome.

Bacterial Strains	Amount	Source	Age/Conditions	Assessment	Findings Obtained	Reference
Bifidobacterium animalis AHC7	2 × 1010 CFU/day	Canine	Young adult dogs having acute diarrhoea	Managing acute diarrhoea	Diarrhoea was reduced compared to placebo group.	[111,130]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus MP01, Lactobacillus plantarum MP02	109 CFU/day	Canine	Puppies (1 month)	Infection prevention in puppies	Faecal Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were significantly increased. SCFAs in faeces prevented gastrointestinal infection	[131]
Lactobacillus murinus LbP2	5 × 109 CFU/day	Canine	Dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV)-associated diarrhoea	Mental and faecal status	Significant improvement in faecal consistency, mental status, and appetite	[132]
Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23	2.3 × 108 CFU/day	Canine	Female Labrador dogs (Adult)	Nutrient digestibility and faecal fermentative metabolites	Crude fibre digestion increased Concentrations of SCFAs in faeces increased Reduction of ammonia in faeces	[133]
Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7421	107–109 CFU/day	Canine	Dogs (having gastrointestinal disorder)	Composition of the faecal microbiome and blood samples	Total protein, cholesterol, and ALT levels in blood samples were increased The population of lactic acid bacteria rose, but the population of clostridia and several Gram-negative bacterial taxa declined. Modification of liquid faeces to regular consistency (dogs with diarrhoea)	[134]
Lactobacillus fermentum AD1	3 mL of 109 CFU/mL	Canine	Control healthy dogs	Composition of the faecal microbiome and blood samples	Total lipid and total protein in the blood were significantly increased, while glucose concentration in the bloodstream was notably decreased Faecal Lactobacilli and Enterococci notably increased	[135]
Bifidobacterium animalis B/12	1 mL of 1.04 × 109 CFU/mL	Canine	Control healthy dogs	Composition of the faecal microbiome and Blood samples	Triglycerides and albumin levels in blood serum were significantly lower Increased levels of ALT, ALP, acetic, acetoacetic, and valeric acids in the faeces	[136]
Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23	108 CFU/mL (0.1 mL/kg BW)	Canine	Female dogs (adult)	Assessment of blood sample profile	Decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol level Increased HDL/LDL ratio	[141]
Enterococcus faecium DSM 32820	109 CFU/day	Canine	Control healthy dogs	Blood sample profile	Glucose concentration was decreased in serum	[137]
Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 13241	2 × 108 CFU/day	Feline	Healthy adult cats	Improving intestinal health in cats	Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus acidophilus groups were found in higher concentrations in faeces, while Clostridium spp. and Enterococcus faecalis were found at lower concentrations Reduced faecal pH and plasma endotoxin concentrations in treated cats, resulting in systemic and immunomodulatory alterations	[139]
Enterococcus hirae	2.85–4.28 × 108 CFU/day	Feline	Kittens	Preventing atypical Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in kittens	Promoting intestinal colonisation and faecal shedding of live E. hirae upon administration Amelioration of atypical EPEC infection effects on intestinal structure, function, and water loss	[94,138]
Enterococcus faecium SF68	5 × 109 CFU/day	Feline	Kittens	Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 supplementation on immune function	CD4+ lymphocyte percentage was significantly higher in the treatment group	[140]
Bacillus subtilis HH2	5 × 109 CFU/day	Canine	Beagles with orally administered Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)	Intestinal barrier integrity, faecal microbiota, and non-specific immunity	A significant decrease in intestinal barrier marker, diamine oxidase (DAO) levels in plasma Increased serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, and IgA levels Increased microbial richness Protection against the ETEC challenge	[142,143]
Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24730, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24733, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24734, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24735, Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731, Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24732, Bifidobacterium longum DSM 24736, and Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 24737	S. thermopilus 40.55%, Bifidobacteria 12.5%, Lactobacilli 13%, and other excipients 39.05% (112–225 × 109 CFU/10 kg)	Canine	Dogs with CE	Disease activity and mucosal microbiota changes and tight junction protein (TJP) expression	Increased Lactobacillus spp. Increased TJP expression (for example E-cadherin, occludin, and zonulin)	[54]
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium and thermophilus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, bulgaricus, casei, and lantarum	5 × 109 CFU/day	Feline	Healthy cats	Faecal microbiome and faecal metabolomics	Dysbiosis with alterations in faecal alpha and beta diversity	[97]
Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 32241, Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 32242, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 32243, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 32244, and Lactobacillus brevis DSM 27961, Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 32245, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32246, Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 32247	400 billion cfu of lyophilised bacteria/day	Canine	Healthy dogs	Concentration of faecal immunoglobulin IgA, plasma IgG, and faecal microbiota composition	Decreased abundance of Clostridium perfringens Increased abundance of beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Increased faecal IgA and plasma IgG levels	[144]
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis	1 billion CFU/mL per 2.2 kg of body weight orally twice daily	Canine	Dogs with confirmed CE	Clinical signs, mucosal microbiota, and inflammatory indices	Decreased levels of inflammatory markers such as faecal calprotectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) Increased abundance of mucosal Clostridia and Bacteroides in colon Decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in colon and ileum	[125]

SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; CE, chronic enteropathy; TJP: tight junction protein.