Table 1.

Effect of PUFAs on sarcopenia from cellular and animal experiments.

Study Type	PUFAs Type	Subject	Dose	Effects	Mechanisms	Ref.
In vitro	PLSO	7β-OHC-induced murine C2C12 myoblasts	100 μg/mL for 24 h	Prevented myoblast dysfunction and death Reduced oxidative stress	↑ SOD, GPx ↓ ROS, MDA, and ΔΨm	[52]
In vitro	LO	SFA-induced rat skeletal (L6) myotubes	100 mM for 16 h	Reduced inflammation and oxidation levels Improved mitochondrial function	↑ PGC1α ↓ ROS, IL-6, and NF-κB	[53]
In vivo	LA	Caenorhabditis elegans	50 μg/mL for 10 days	Improved skeletal muscle loss	↑ DAF-16/FOXO and pink-1 ↓ ROS	[54]
In vivo	EPA	75-week-old C57BL/6J mice	1 wt% for 12 weeks, supplemented in diet	Suppressed aging-associated muscle dysfunction and muscle fiber type changes	Fast-to-slow fiber type transition; Muscle transcriptome alteration	[55]
In vivo	Fish oil	25-month-old SD rats	200, 400, 800 mg/kg for 10 weeks, oral gavage	Improved muscle atrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory levels and cell infiltration	Promoted protein synthesis and muscle regeneration	[56]

Abbreviations: 7β-OHC—7β-hydroxycholesterol; DAF-16—decay accelerating factor-16; EPA—eicosapentaenoic acids; FOXO—forkhead box O; GPx—glutathione peroxidase; IL-6—interleukin-6; LA—linoleic acid; LO—linoleate; MDA—malondialdehyde; NF-κB—nuclear factor-κ-gene binding; PGC1α—proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; PLSO—Tunisian Pistacia lentiscus L. seed oil; ROS—reactive oxygen species; SD rat—Sprague Dawley rat; SFA—saturated fatty acid; SOD—superoxide dismutase; ↑—up regulation; ↓—down regulation.