Table 3.
Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, high liver enzymes, and vitamin D insufficiency by severity of adiposity (via BMI%) and ethnoracial group in the total sample.
| % | Normal Weight | Overweight | ||||||||||||||
| African American | Hispanic |
Total, %
(Normal Weight) |
p Value | African American | Hispanic |
Total, %
( Overweight) |
p Value | |||||||||
| Abnormal BP | Elevated | 4.9 (2.6, 8.8) |
3.3 (2.1, 5.1) |
3.7 (2.5, 5.2) |
0.38 | 15.4 (8.5, 25.7) |
5.9 (3.7, 9.1) |
7.5 (5.3, 10.6) |
0.01 | |||||||
| Hypertension | 6.2 (3.6, 10.4) |
3.8 (2.5, 5.7) |
4.4 (3.1, 6.0) |
0.19 | 3.8 (1.0, 11.6) |
6.2 (4.0, 9.5) |
5.9 (3.9, 8.7) |
0.59 | ||||||||
| Abnormal HbA1c | Pre-DM | 2.4 (0.1, 14.4) |
2.3 (0.6, 7.0) |
2.3 (0.7, 6.1) |
1.00 | 15.2 (5.7, 32.7) |
7.6 (4.5, 12.5) |
8.6 (5.5, 13.1) |
0.18 | |||||||
| DM | NA | 1.5 (0.3, 5.9) |
1.1 (0.2, 4.5) |
1.00 | NA | 0.5 (0.0, 3.2) |
0.4 (0.0, 2.7) |
1.00 | ||||||||
| IGM | 2.4 (0.1, 14.4) |
3.8 (1.4, 9.1) |
3.4 (1.4, 7.6) |
1.00 | 15.2 (5.7, 32.7) |
8.1 (4.9, 13.1) |
9.0 (5.8, 13.6) |
0.2 | ||||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | 2.6 (0.1, 15.1) |
1.5 (0.3, 6.0) |
1.7 (0.5, 5.4) |
0.55 | 12.1 (4.0, 29.1) |
23.3 (17.8, 29.8) |
21.8 (16.9, 27.7) |
0.23 | ||||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 24.3 (17.0, 33.4) |
30.1 (25.3, 35.4) |
28.3 (24.3, 32.7) |
0.29 | 20.0 (10.5, 34.1) |
41.7 (35.7, 48.0) |
38.1 (32.8, 43.7) |
0.01 | ||||||||
| High total cholesterol | 6.1 (2.7, 12.6) |
4.8 (2.8, 7.8) |
5.0 (3.3, 7.5) |
0.76 | 12.0 (5.0, 25.0) |
5.8 (3.4, 9.6) |
7.0 (4.5, 10.5) |
0.12 | ||||||||
| High LDL-C | 5.2 (2.1, 11.5) |
3.0 (1.5, 5.6) |
3.5 (2.1, 5.7) |
0.25 | 4.0 (0.7, 14.9) |
4.3 (2.3, 7.7) |
4.5 (2.6, 7.5) |
1 | ||||||||
| High TG | 4.3 (1.6, 10.3) |
20.9 (16.7, 25.7) |
16.3 (13.1, 20.1) |
≤0.001 | 2.0 (0.1, 12.0) |
32.4 (26.8, 38.6) |
27.6 (22.8, 33.0) |
≤0.001 | ||||||||
| Low HDL-C | 10.4 (5.7, 17.9) |
8.9 (6.2, 12.6) |
9.3 (6.9, 12.5) |
0.77 | 6.0 (1.6, 17.5) |
20.5 (15.8, 26.0) |
18.1 (14.1, 22.9) |
0.03 | ||||||||
| Inflammation | NA | 11.1 (2.9, 30.3) |
7.0 (1.8, 20.1) |
0.54 | 17.4 (5.7, 39.5) |
36.8 (29.3, 45.1) |
34.1 (27.2, 41.7) |
0.11 | ||||||||
| High liver enzymes | 1.9 (0.3, 7.5) |
4.5 (2.6, 7.4) |
4.0 (2.5, 6.4) |
0.38 | NA | 8.9 (5.8, 13.3) |
7.3 (4.7, 11.0) |
0.03 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D insufficiency | 91.2 (82.3, 96.1) |
85.1 (80.2, 89.0) |
86.2 (82.1, 89.6) |
0.22 | 95.2 (82.6, 99.2) |
89.7 (84.8, 93.1) |
90.3 (86.1, 93.4) |
0.39 | ||||||||
| % | Obesity | Severe Obesity | Sample | |||||||||||||
| African American | Hispanic |
Total, %
( Obesity) |
p Value | African American | Hispanic |
Total, %
( Severe Obesity) |
p Value | % | p Value | |||||||
| Abnormal BP | Elevated | 8.7 (4.6, 15.3) |
11.9 (8.9, 15.6) |
11.8 (9.2, 14.9) |
0.4 | 19.8 (14.1, 26.9) |
16.3 (10.6, 24.0) |
17.8 (13.7, 22.7) |
0.54 | 8.5 (7.3, 9.8) |
≤0.001 | |||||
| Hypertension | 20.5 (14.0, 28.7) |
17.3 (13.7, 21.5) |
18.0 (14.9, 21.6) |
0.5 | 34.0 (26.8, 41.9) |
33.3 (25.4, 42.2) |
33.9 (28.6, 39.6) |
1.00 | 12.3 (10.9, 13.8) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Abnormal HbA1c | Pre-DM | 29.9 (21.6, 39.6) |
11.4 (8.1, 15.6) |
16.2 (12.9, 20.1) |
≤0.001 | 40.4 (32.7, 48.5) |
21.0 (13.9,30.2) |
32.1 (26.7, 38.1) |
≤0.001 | 16.3 (14.2, 18.6) |
≤0.001 | |||||
| DM | 6.5 (2.9, 13.5) |
0.3 (0.0, 2.1) |
1.9 (0.9, 3.8) |
≤0.001 | 3.8 (1.6, 8.6) |
1.9 (0.3, 7.4) |
3.0 (1.4, 6.0) |
0.48 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) |
0.17 | ||||||
| IGM | 36.4 (27.5, 46.4) |
11.7 (8.4, 15.9) |
18.1 (14.6, 22.1) |
≤0.001 | 44.2 (36.4, 52.4) |
22.9 (15.5, 32.3) |
35.1 (29.4, 41.1) |
≤0.001 | 18.0 (15.8, 20.4) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | 29.8 (21.4, 39.7) |
44.2 (38.6, 49.8) |
41.1 (36.5, 45.9) |
0.01 | 46.2 (38.3, 54.3) |
64.2 (54.2, 73.1) |
54.0 (47.9, 60.0) |
0.01 | 34.1 (31.3, 37.0) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 38.4 (29.5, 48.1) |
68.1 (62.7, 73.1) |
60.4 (55.7, 65.0) |
≤0.001 | 50.9 (43.0, 58.8) |
77.8 (68.6, 85.0) |
62.0 (56.0, 67.7) |
≤0.001 | 46.2 (43.7, 48.8) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| High total cholesterol | 6.2 (2.8, 12.9) |
7.1 (4.6, 10.5) |
6.9 (4.8, 9.7) |
0.94 | 8.1 (4.5, 13.7) |
13.9 (8.2, 22.2) |
11.1 (7.8, 15.5) |
0.18 | 7.1 (5.9, 8.6) |
0.02 | ||||||
| High LDL-C | 5.4 (2.2, 11.8) |
3.1 (1.6, 5.8) |
3.8 (2.3, 6.1) |
0.26 | 10.0 (6.0, 16.0) |
10.3 (5.5, 18.0) |
9.7 (6.6, 14.0) |
1.00 | 4.9 (3.9, 6.2) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| High TG | 8.9 (4.6, 16.2) |
50.0 (44.6, 55.4) |
39.1 (34.6, 43.8) |
≤0.001 | 17.4 (12.1, 24.3) |
61.1 (51.2, 70.2) |
36.2 (30.6, 42.2) |
≤0.001 | 29.2 (26.9, 31.6) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Low HDL-C | 23.2 (16.0, 32.3) |
39.1 (33.9, 44.7) |
35.0 (30.7, 39.7) |
≤0.001 | 34.8 (27.6, 42.7) |
47.7 (38.1, 57.4) |
40.0 (34.3, 46.0) |
0.05 | 24.6 (22.4, 26.8) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Inflammation | 55.0 (44.8, 64.9) |
53.4 (47.5, 59.3) |
54.1 (49.1, 59.1) |
0.88 | 80.6 (73.4, 86.4) |
77.7 (68.2, 85.0) |
79.9 (74.4, 84.4) |
0.67 | 55.6 (52.3, 58.9) |
0.02 | ||||||
| High liver enzymes | 3.5 (1.1, 9.4) |
20.9 (16.7, 25.8) |
16.4 (13.2, 20.2) |
≤0.001 | 9.9 (6.0, 15.9) |
39.1 (30.1, 48.9) |
22.4 (17.8, 27.8) |
≤0.001 | 12.0 (10.4, 13.7) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
| Vitamin D insufficiency | 94.5 (88.0, 97.8) |
95.9 (93.0, 97.7) |
95.2 (92.7, 97.0) |
0.59 | 98.1 (94.2, 99.5) |
98.2 (92.9, 99.7) |
97.9 (95.2, 99.1) |
1.00 | 92.4 (90.8, 93.7) |
≤0.001 | ||||||
Frequencies are expressed as percentages and 95% confidence intervals, and groups were compared using the χ² test. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; IGM, impaired glucose metabolism; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not available; TG, triglycerides.