Table 2.
Characteristics of the 82 included studies. §: did not reach significance, &: did not reach significance after Bonferroni multiple-test correction, #: significance not available.
| Indication | Author, Year | Reference | Design | Number of Patients | Grade | Mean Age | Sex | Imaging Modality | Parameters | Optimal Cut-Off | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | ||||||||||||||
| Pauleit et al., 2009 | [24] | Prospective | 52 | Not glioma:9 | 46 | 36 M 16 F | PET | Lmean/B # | - | |||||
| Grade 2:22 | Lmax/B # | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 3:12 | Visual grading system # | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:9 | ||||||||||||||
| Mauler et al., 2023 | [25] | Prospective | 30 | Not glioma:6 | 48 | 16 M 14 F | PET | 18F-FETn uptake | 1.4 x background | 76% | 80% | 0.89 | 78% | |
| Grade 2:7 | MRI | Cho/NAAn | 2.16 | 59% | 83% | 0.81 | 71% | |||||||
| Grade 3:7 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 4:10 | ||||||||||||||
| Floeth et al., 2005 | [26] | Prospective | 50 | Not glioma:16 | 44 | 21 M 29 F | PET | FET lesion/brain ratio | 1.6 | 88% | 88% | - | ||
| Grade 1:2 | MRI | Gd enhancement | - | 44% | 69% | 68% | ||||||||
| Grade 2:13 | NAA/Cho ratio | 0.7 | 100% | 81% | - | |||||||||
| Grade 3:14 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 4:5 | ||||||||||||||
| Pauleit et al., 2005 | [27] | Prospective | 28 | Not glioma:5 | 42 | 9 M 19 F | PET | FET ratio | 1.6 | 92% | 81% | - | ||
| Grade 1:2 | MRI | T1 ratio | 1.0 | 85% | 12% | - | ||||||||
| Grade 2:7 | Gd-T1 ratio | 1.0 | 38% | 96% | - | |||||||||
| Grade 3:12 | FLAIR ratio | 1.0 | 96% | 4% | - | |||||||||
| Grade 4:2 | T1/Gd-T1/FLAIR ratio | - | 96% | 53% | 68% | |||||||||
| PET/CT + MRI | FET/T1/Gd-T1/FLAIR ratio | - | 93% | 94% | 94% | |||||||||
| Grading (LGG vs. HGG) | ||||||||||||||
| Jeong and Lim, 2012 | [28] | Prospective | 20 | Grade 2:3 | 52 | 13 M 7 F | PET | SUVmax | - | |||||
| Grade 3:2 | TNR | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:15 | ||||||||||||||
| Verger et al., 2017 | [29] | Retrospective | 72 | Grade 1:1 | 49 | 42 M 30 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.62 | 82% | 68% | 0.83 | 78% | |
| Grade 2:21 | TBRmean | 1.69 | 82% | 68% | 0.80 | 78% | ||||||||
| Grade 3:25 | TTP | 30 min | 54% | 91% | 0.78 | 65% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:25 | Slope | −0.03 SUV/h | 64% | 91% | 0.78 | 72% | ||||||||
| PWI rCBF | TBRmax | 1.51 | 64% | 64% | 0.74 | 64% | ||||||||
| TBRmean | 0.69 | 62% | 59% | 0.66 | 61% | |||||||||
| PWI rCBV | TBRmax | 1.80 | 88% | 72% | 0.81 | 83% | ||||||||
| TBRmean | 1.14 | 72% | 77% | 0.80 | 74% | |||||||||
| PWI MTT | TBRmax § | 1.16 | 64% | 50% | 0.58 | 60% | ||||||||
| TBRmean § | 0.98 | 54% | 36% | 0.43 | 49% | |||||||||
| Lopez et al., 2015 | [30] | Prospective | 23 | No-grade:2 | 56 | 18 M 5 F | PET | UR | 3.0 | |||||
| Grade 1:1 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 2:7 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 3:2 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 4:11 | ||||||||||||||
| Lohmann et al., 2015 | [31] | Prospective | 36 | Grade 2:12 | 49 | 19 M 17 F | PET | TBRmean § | 2 | 83% | 58% | 0.65 | 75% | |
| Grade 3:8 | ∆TBRmean 20–40 min/70–90 min | −8% | 83% | 75% | 0.85 | 81% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:16 | TTP | 35 min | 58% | 92% | 0.76 | 69% | ||||||||
| Kinetic pattern | II/III | 88% | 75% | - | 83% | |||||||||
| Calcagni et al., 2011 | [32] | Prospective | 32 | Grade 1:3 | 41 | 21 M 11 F | PET | TAC # | I/II vs. III | 73% | 100% | 87% | ||
| Grade 2:14 | Early SUV | 2.32 | 73% | 71% | 72% | |||||||||
| Grade 3:11 | Middle SUV § | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Grade 4:4 | Late SUV § | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| e-m ratio | 0.93 | 93% | 94% | 94% | ||||||||||
| e-l ratio | 0.95 | 87% | 88% | 87% | ||||||||||
| Tpeak | 25 min | 87% | 100% | 94% | ||||||||||
| SoD | 0.5 | 93% | 82% | 87% | ||||||||||
| Logistic regression using Early SUV + SoD § | 50% | 93% | 100% | 97% | ||||||||||
| Albert et al., 2016 | [33] | Retrospective | 314 | Grade 1:3 | 49 | 181 M 133 F | PET | TBRmax (20–40 min) | 2.7 | 67% | 78% | 70% | ||
| Grade 2:128 | TBRmax (0–10 min) | 2.8 | 76% | 79% | 76% | |||||||||
| Grade 3:95 | TBRmax (5–15 min) | 2.7 | 78% | 76% | 77% | |||||||||
| Grade 4:88 | TBRmax (5–20 min) | 2.6 | 80% | 74% | 76% | |||||||||
| TBRmax (10–30 min) | 2.5 | 75% | 75% | 74% | ||||||||||
| Kinetic pattern # | Decreasing | 90% | 66% | 80% | ||||||||||
| Pöpperl et al., 2007 | [19] | Prospective | 54 | Grade 2:15 | 49 | 30 M 24 F | PET | SUVmax/BG | 2.58 | 71% | 85% | 0.798 | ||
| Grade 3:21 | SUV90 10–60 min | 0.20 | 94% | 100% | 0.969 | |||||||||
| Grade 4:18 | SUV90 15–60 min | −0.41 | 94% | 100% | 0.965 | |||||||||
| Grade 2/3 vs. grade 4 | Hua et al., 2021 | [34] | Retrospective | 58 | Grade 2:33 | 42 | 37 M 21 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.67 | 92% | 61% | 0.824 | 67% |
| Grade 3:13 | TBRpeak | 2.35 | 92% | 61% | 0.832 | 67% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:12 | TBRmean | 2.31 | 58% | 93% | 0.791 | 86% | ||||||||
| COV | 27.21 | 58% | 91% | 0.808 | 84% | |||||||||
| HI | 1.77 | 67% | 87% | 0.826 | 83% | |||||||||
| MTV | 20.13 | 75% | 80% | 0.801 | 79% | |||||||||
| TLU | 50.93 | 75% | 83% | 0.841 | 81% | |||||||||
| SUVsd | 0.45 | 67% | 87% | 0.816 | 83% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + SUVsd + TBRmean | - | 75% | 85% | 0.850 | 83% | |||||||||
| HI + SUVsd + MTV | - | 75% | 83% | 0.848 | 81% | |||||||||
| HI + SUVsd + TLU | - | 75% | 84% | 0.848 | 81% | |||||||||
| Kunz et al., 2011 | [35] | Prospective | 55 | Grade 2:31 | 44 | 33 M 22 F | PET | TAC | Increasing vs. decreasing | 96% | 94% | |||
| Grade 3:22 | MRI | Tumor volume § | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Grade 4:2 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 2/3 vs. grade 4 | Röhrich et al., 2018 | [36] | Retrospective | 44 | Grade 2:10 | 53 | - | PET | TAC # | LGG-like vs. mixed vs. HGG-like | - | - | - | |
| Grade 3:13 | SUVmax/BG | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Grade 4:21 | TTP § | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Relative K1 | - | 85% | 60% | 0.766 | ||||||||||
| Relative K2 § | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Relative K3 § | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Relative FD | - | 67% | 78% | 0.716 | ||||||||||
| SUVmax/BG + TTP | - | - | - | 0.745 | ||||||||||
| SUVmax/BG + TTP + relative K1 + relative FD | - | - | - | 0.799 | ||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2012 | [37] | Retrospective | 127 | No tumor:7 | 46 | 72 M 55 F | PET | TAC # | Increasing vs. decreasing | 95% | 72% | |||
| Grade 1:4 | FET uptake # | Reduced vs. normal vs. increased | - | - | ||||||||||
| Grade 2:69 | FET uptake pattern § | Inhomogeneous vs. diffuse vs. focal | - | - | ||||||||||
| Grade 3:42 | SUVmax/BG § | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Grade 4:5 | SUVmean/BG § | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| BTV § | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| grade 2 vs. 3 | Jansen et al., 2012 | [38] | Prospective | 144 | Grade 2:79 | 45 | 84 M 60 F | PET | TAC # | Decreasing | 88% | 63% | ||
| Grade 3:65 | SUVmax/BG § | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| BTV § | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| SUVtotal/BG § | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG § | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| grade 3 vs. 4 | Pyka et al., 2016 | [39] | Retrospective | 113 | Grade 3:26 | 59 | 43 M 70 F | PET | TBRmax § | 2.74 | 0.614 | |||
| Grade 4:87 | TBRmean | 1.68 | 0.644 | |||||||||||
| MTV | 19.7 | 0.710 | ||||||||||||
| TLU | 46.2 | 0.704 | ||||||||||||
| Textural parameters: | ||||||||||||||
| Coarseness | 0.607 | 0.757 | ||||||||||||
| Contrast | 0.203 | 0.775 | ||||||||||||
| Busyness | 1.12 | 0.737 | ||||||||||||
| Complexity | 0.069 | 0.633 | ||||||||||||
| Combined | 2.05 | 0.830 | ||||||||||||
| IDH status determination | ||||||||||||||
| Hua et al., 2021 | [34] | Retrospective | 58 | Grade 2:33 | 42 | 37 M 21 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.21 | 48% | 87% | 0.658 | 72% | |
| Grade 3:13 | TBRpeak § | 2.15 | 57% | 73% | 0.638 | 67% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:12 | TBRmean § | 1.84 | 62% | 68% | 0.633 | 66% | ||||||||
| COV | 8.85 | 52% | 76% | 0.650 | 67% | |||||||||
| HI | 1.26 | 48% | 87% | 0.676 | 72% | |||||||||
| MTV | 19.48 | 90% | 46% | 0.660 | 62% | |||||||||
| TLU | 28.95 | 81% | 57% | 0.698 | 66% | |||||||||
| SUVsd | 0.11 | 47% | 57% | 0.710 | 66% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + SUVsd + TBRmean | - | 76% | 84% | 0.821 | 81% | |||||||||
| HI + SUVsd + MTV | - | 86% | 81% | 0.804 | 83% | |||||||||
| HI + SUVsd + TLU | - | 76% | 84% | 0.799 | 81% | |||||||||
| Zhou et al., 2021 | [40] | Retrospective | 58 | Grade 2:31 | - | 26 M 22 F | PET | SUVSD | 0.23 | - | - | - | - | |
| Grade 3:14 | TLU § | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
| Grade 4:13 | MTV § | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
| TBRmax § | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| TBRmean § | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| TBRpeak § | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Midline involvement | Yes vs. no | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Simple predictive model | - | 85% | 71% | 0.786 | 76% | |||||||||
| Radiomics models: | ||||||||||||||
| PET-Rad model | - | 80% | 74% | 0.812 | 76% | |||||||||
| CT | CT-Rad model | - | 85% | 76% | 0.883 | 79% | ||||||||
| PET/CT | PET/CT-Rad model | - | 85% | 87% | 0.912 | 86% | ||||||||
| Lohmann et al., 2018 | [41] | Retrospective | 84 | Grade 2:7 | 54 | 50 M 34 F | PET | TBRmean | 1.68 | 12% | 100% | 0.66 | 73% | |
| Grade 3:26 | TBRmax § | 2.07 | 8% | 100% | 0.59 | 71% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:51 | TTP | 45 min | 27% | 93% | 0.75 | 73% | ||||||||
| Slope | 0.30 SUV/h | 58% | 90% | 0.79 | 80% | |||||||||
| Slope + Radiomic feature SZHGE | - | 54% | 93% | - | 81% | |||||||||
| Radiomic features: | ||||||||||||||
| SkewnessH § | - | 31% | 90% | 0.53 | 71% | |||||||||
| LRHGE § | - | 8% | 100% | 0.52 | 71% | |||||||||
| Verger et al., 2018 | [42] | Retrospective | 90 | Grade 2:16 | 51 | 55 M 35 F | PET | TBRmean | 1.85 | 44% | 92% | 0.73 | 69% | |
| Grade 3:27 | TBRmax | 2.15 | 56% | 77% | 0.68 | 67% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:47 | TTP | 25 min | 86% | 60% | 0.75 | 72% | ||||||||
| Slope | −0.26 SUV/h | 81% | 60% | 0.75 | 70% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TBRmax | 1.85 and 2.15 | 44% | 91% | - | 69% | |||||||||
| TTP + Slope | 25 min and −0.26 SUV/h | 77% | 70% | - | 73% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TTP | 1.85 and 25 min | 40% | 96% | - | 69% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP | 2.15 and 25 min | 51% | 94% | - | 73% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + Slope | 1.85 and −0.26 SUV/h | 40% | 94% | - | 68% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + Slope | 2.15 and −0.26 SUV/h | 47% | 91% | - | 70% | |||||||||
| Blanc-Durand et al., 2018 | [43] | Retrospective | 37 | Grade 1:3 | 45 | 23 M 14 F | PET | TBRmax | - | - | ||||
| Grade 2:15 | TBRmean | - | - | |||||||||||
| Grade 3:14 | TTP | - | - | |||||||||||
| Grade 4:5 | Slope | - | - | |||||||||||
| TAC | Centroid #1 vs. centroid #3 | - | - | |||||||||||
| Bette et al., 2016 | [44] | Retrospective | 65 | Grade 1:11 | 38 | 36 M 29 F | PET | TBR # | 1.3 | 89% | 36% | |||
| Grade 2:54 | TBR # | 1.6 | 71% | 53% | ||||||||||
| TBR # | 2.0 | 57% | 68% | |||||||||||
| TBRmax § | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| Prediction of oligodendroglial components | ||||||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2012 | [38] | Prospective | 144 | Grade 2:79 | 45 | 84 M 60 F | PET | SUVmax/BG | 2.6 | 70% | 72% | |||
| Grade 3:65 | BTV | 4.0 | 71% | 69% | ||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG | 2.1 | 61% | 59% | |||||||||||
| SUVtotal/BG | 6.9 | 75% | 66% | |||||||||||
| Bette et al., 2016 | [44] | Retrospective | 65 | Grade 1:11 | 38 | 36 M 29 F | PET | TBR # | 1.3 | 100% | 23% | |||
| Grade 2:54 | TBR # | 1.6 | 93% | 48% | ||||||||||
| TBR # | 2.0 | 86% | 65% | |||||||||||
| TBRmax | - | - | - | |||||||||||
| Guided resection/biopsy | ||||||||||||||
| Ort et al., 2021 | [45] | Retrospective | 30 | Grade 3:5 | 59 | 19 M 11 F | PET | BTV | 1 cm3 | |||||
| Grade 4:25 | ||||||||||||||
| Floeth et al., 2011 | [46] | Prospective | 30 patients/38 biopsies | Grade 2:17 | 43 | 20 M 10 F | PET | TBR | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 3:19 | MRI | Gd-DTPA enhancement | - | |||||||||||
| Grade 4:2 | 5-ALA-fluorescence | Fluorescent areas | - | |||||||||||
| Ewelt et al., 2011 | [47] | Prospective | 30 | Grade 2:13 | 42 | 20 M 10 F | LGG subgroup: | |||||||
| Grade 3:15 | PET | Tumor/brain tissue ratio | 1.6 | 54% | 12% | |||||||||
| Grade 4:2 | MRI | Gd enhancement | - | 8% | 36% | |||||||||
| 5-ALA-fluorescence | Fluorescent areas | - | 8% | 29% | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI | - | - | 8% | 35% | ||||||||||
| MRI/5-ALA | - | - | 8% | 41% | ||||||||||
| PET/5-ALA | - | - | 8% | 29% | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI/5-ALA | - | - | 8% | 41% | ||||||||||
| HGG subgroup: | ||||||||||||||
| PET | Tumor/brain tissue ratio | 1.6 | 88% | 46% | ||||||||||
| MRI | Gd enhancement | - | 65% | 92% | ||||||||||
| 5-ALA-fluorescence | Fluorescent areas | - | 71% | 92% | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI | - | - | 65% | 92% | ||||||||||
| MRI/5-ALA | - | - | 59% | 92% | ||||||||||
| PET/5-ALA | - | - | 71% | 92% | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI/5-ALA | - | - | 59% | 92% | ||||||||||
| Verburg et al., 2020 | [48] | Prospective | 20 | Grade 2:8 | - | 12 M 8 F | PET | TBR | - | - | - | 0.76 | ||
| Grade 4:12 | T1G-MRI | - | - | - | - | 0.56 | ||||||||
| PET/MRI | ADC + TBR | - | - | - | 0.89 | |||||||||
| Detection of residual tumor | ||||||||||||||
| Buchmann et al., 2016 | [49] | Retrospective | 62 | Grade 4:62 | 61 | 37 M 25 F | PET | TBR | 1.6 | |||||
| MRI | Contrast-enhanced tissue areas | - | ||||||||||||
| Kläsner et al., 2015 | [50] | Prospective | 25 | Grade 2:4 | 62 | 16 M 9 F | PET | Visual uptake | >Background | |||||
| Grade 3:3 | MRI | Contrast-enhancement volume | 0.175 cm2 | |||||||||||
| Grade 4:18 | ||||||||||||||
| Guided radiotherapy | ||||||||||||||
| Allard et al., 2022 | [51] | Prospective | 23 | Grade 3:3 | 59 | 14 M 9 F | PET | TBRmax # | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 4:20 | SUVmax # | 30% | ||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 40% | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 50% | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 60% | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 70% | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 80% | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax # | 90% | |||||||||||||
| CE-MRI | Visual analysis # | - | ||||||||||||
| Munck af Rosenschold et al., 2015 | [52] | Prospective | 54 | Grade 3:19 | 55 | - | PET | TBR # | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 4:35 | CE-MRI | Visual analysis # | - | |||||||||||
| Fleischmann et al., 2020 | [53] | Retrospective | 36 | Grade 4:36 | 66 | 20 M 16 F | PET | TBRmax # | 1.6 | |||||
| MRI | Visual analysis # | |||||||||||||
| Harat et al., 2016 | [54] | Prospective | 34 | Grade 4:34 | - | - | PET | FET uptake # | 1.6 x SUVmean | |||||
| MRI | Visual analysis # | - | ||||||||||||
| Dissaux et al., 2020 | [55] | Prospective | 30 | Grade 3:5 | 63 | 20 M 10 F | PET | TBR# | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 4:25 | MRI | Visual analysis # | - | |||||||||||
| Hayes et al., 2018 | [56] | Retrospective | 26 | Grade 3:5 | 61 | 17 M 9 F | PET | TBR # | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 4:21 | CE-MRI | Visual analysis # | - | |||||||||||
| FLAIR-MRI | Visual analysis # | - | ||||||||||||
| Detection of malignant transformation in LGG | ||||||||||||||
| Galldiks et al., 2013 | [57] | Prospective | 27 | Grade 2:27 | 44 | 18 M 9 F | PET | TBRmax | ∆33% | 72% | 89% | 0.87 | 78% | |
| TBRmean | ∆13% | 72% | 78% | 0.80 | 74% | |||||||||
| TTP | ∆-6 min | 72% | 89% | 0.78 | 78% | |||||||||
| Kinetic pattern change | I to II/III | 72% | 89% | - | 78% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP + Kinetic pattern change | ∆ + 33% or ∆-6 min or I to II/III | 83% | 78% | - | 81% | |||||||||
| MRI | Contrast enhancement change | - | 44% | 100% | - | 63% | ||||||||
| Unterrainer et al., 2016 | [58] | Retrospective | 31 | Grade 2:26 | 38 | 18 M 13 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.46 | 82% | 89% | 0.92 | 85% | |
| Grade 3:5 | TTPmin | 17.5 min | 73% | 67% | - | 70% | ||||||||
| Bashir et al., 2018 | [59] | Retrospective | 42 patients/47 PET | Inconclusive:2 | 41 | 18 M 24 F | PET | TBRmax § | - | 57% | 41% | 0.476 | ||
| Grade 1:1 | TAC § | - | 71% | 41% | 0.549 | |||||||||
| Grade 1/2:1 | TTP § | 25 min | 57% | 47% | 0.511 | |||||||||
| Grade 2:43 | TBRmax + TAC + TTP § | 1.6 + II/III + 25 min | 65% | 58% | 0.634 | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TAC§ | 1.6 + II/III | 65% | 58% | 0.639 | ||||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP § | 1.6 + 25 min | 96% | 25% | 0.591 | ||||||||||
| MRI | Contrast enhancement § (CE) | new area | 43% | 77% | 0.597 | |||||||||
| PET/MRI | TBRmax + TAC + TTP + CE § | - | 70% | 50% | 0.643 | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TAC + CE § | - | 52% | 75% | 0.656 | ||||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP + CE § | - | 57% | 58% | 0.620 | ||||||||||
| Recurrence vs. treatment-related changes | ||||||||||||||
| Jeong et al., 2010 | [60] | Retrospective | 32 | Grade 2:10 | 47 | 12 M 20 F | PET | SUVmax | 1.66 | 87% | 100% | 0.978 | ||
| Grade 3:8 | LNR | 2.18 | 86% | 88% | 0.940 | |||||||||
| Grade 4:14 | LGG subgroup: | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax | 1.48 | 88% | 89% | 0.951 | ||||||||||
| LNR | 1.64 | 100% | 75% | 0.893 | ||||||||||
| HGG subgroup: | ||||||||||||||
| SUVmax | 1.66 | 93% | 100% | 0.993 | ||||||||||
| LNR | 2.46 | 86% | 100% | 0.964 | ||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2013 | [61] | Prospective | 33 | Grade 3:20 | - | - | PET | BTV after 6 months | - | |||||
| Grade 4:13 | SUVmax/BG after 6 months | - | ||||||||||||
| Puranik et al., 2021 | [62] | Retrospective | 72 | Grade 3:13 | - | 47 M 25 F | PET | T/Wm | 2.65 | 80% | 88% | |||
| Grade 4:59 | ||||||||||||||
| Kertels et al., 2019 | [63] | Retrospective | 36 | Grade 4:36 | 54 | 22 M 14 F | PET | TBRmax | 3.69 | 79% | 88% | 0.86 | ||
| TBRmax | 3.58 | 64% | 100% | 0.84 | ||||||||||
| TBRmax | 3.44 | 86% | 88% | 0.86 | ||||||||||
| TBRmean | 2.31 | 61% | 100% | 0.83 | ||||||||||
| TBRmean | 2.19 | 71% | 88% | 0.80 | ||||||||||
| TBR16 mm | 2.44 | 82% | 75% | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| TBR10 mm | 2.86 | 86% | 75% | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| TBR90% | 3.23 | 71% | 100% | 0.85 | ||||||||||
| TBR80% | 3.08 | 82% | 88% | 0.88 | ||||||||||
| TBR70% | 2.72 | 86% | 88% | 0.87 | ||||||||||
| Verger et al., 2018 | [64] | Retrospective | 31 patients/32 tumors | Grade 2:2 | 52 | 16 M 15 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.61 | 80% | 86% | 0.78 | 81% | |
| Grade 3:3 | TBRmean § | - | - | - | 0.74 | - | ||||||||
| Grade 4:27 | TTP § | - | - | - | 0.71 | - | ||||||||
| Slope § | - | - | - | 0.70 | - | |||||||||
| PWI rCBF | TBRmax § | - | - | - | 0.65 | - | ||||||||
| TBRmean § | - | - | - | 0.55 | - | |||||||||
| PWI rCBV | TBRmax § | - | - | - | 0.58 | - | ||||||||
| TBRmean § | - | - | - | 0.64 | - | |||||||||
| PWI MTT | TBRmax § | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | ||||||||
| TBRmean § | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | |||||||||
| Pyka et al., 2018 | [65] | Retrospective | 47 patients/63 lesions | Grade 2:5 | 54 | 22 M 25 F | PET | TBR30–40 min | 2.07 | 80% | 85% | 0.863 | ||
| Grade 3:20 | TBR10–20 min | 1.71 | 76% | 85% | 0.848 | |||||||||
| Grade 4:38 | TTP | 20 min | 64% | 79% | 0.728 | |||||||||
| PWI MRI | rCBVuncor | 4.32 | 62% | 77% | 0.726 | |||||||||
| rCBVcor | 3.35 | 66% | 77% | 0.708 | ||||||||||
| DWI MRI | ADC | 1610 × 10−6 mm2/s | 50% | 77% | 0.688 | |||||||||
| nADC | 1.22 | 62% | 77% | 0.697 | ||||||||||
| FA § | 98.9 | 65% | 62% | 0.593 | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI | TBR30–40 min + TTP + rCBVcor + nADC | - | 78% | 92% | 0.891 | |||||||||
| Werner et al., 2021 | [66] | Retrospective | 23 | Grade 4:23 | 58 | 13 M 10 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.85 | 64% | 92% | 0.75 | 78% | |
| TBRmean | 1.95 | 82% | 92% | 0.77 | 87% | |||||||||
| Slope § | 0.02 SUV/h | 73% | 75% | 0.72 | 74% | |||||||||
| TTP | 35 min | 64% | 83% | 0.82 | 74% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP | 2.85 and 35 min | 36% | 100% | - | 70% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TTP | 1.95 and 35 min | 55% | 100% | - | 78% | |||||||||
| MRI | RANO criteria § | - | 30% | 79% | - | 58% | ||||||||
| Galldiks et al., 2015 | [67] | Retrospective | 22 | Grade 4:22 | 56 | 14 M 8 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.3 | 100% | 91% | 0.94 | 96% | |
| TBRmean | 2.0 | 82% | 82% | 0.91 | 82% | |||||||||
| Kinetic pattern | II/III | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| TBRmax+ Kinetic pattern | 2.3 and II/III | 80% | 91% | - | 86% | |||||||||
| TBRmean+ Kinetic pattern | 2.0 and II/III | 60% | 91% | - | 76% | |||||||||
| Werner et al., 2019 | [68] | Retrospective | 48 | Grade 3:8 | 50 | 29 M 19 F | PET | TBRmax | 1.95 | 100% | 79% | 0.89 | 83% | |
| Grade 4:40 | TBRmean | 1.95 | 100% | 79% | 0.89 | 83% | ||||||||
| TTP | 32.5 min | 80% | 69% | 0.79 | 72% | |||||||||
| Slope | 0.32 SUV/h | 70% | 75% | 0.82 | 74% | |||||||||
| TBRmax/mean + TTP | 1.95 and 32.5 min | 89% | 91% | - | 90% | |||||||||
| TBRmax/mean + Slope | 1.95 and 0.32 SUV/h | 78% | 97% | - | 93% | |||||||||
| DWI-MRI | Visual assessment § | - | 70% | 66% | - | 67% | ||||||||
| ADC § | 1.09×10−3 mm2/s | 60% | 71% | 0.73 | 69% | |||||||||
| PET/MRI | TBRmax/mean + ADC | - | 67% | 94% | - | 89% | ||||||||
| Lohmann et al., 2020 | [69] | Retrospective | 34 | Grade 3:1 | 57 | 21 M 13 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.25 | 81% | 67% | 0.79 | 74% | |
| Grade 4:33 | TBRmean | 1.95 | 75% | 61% | 0.73 | 68% | ||||||||
| TTP § | 25 min | 75% | 44% | 0.61 | 59% | |||||||||
| Slope § | 0.3 SUV/h | 56% | 61% | 0.55 | 59% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TBRmax | - | 75% | 72% | - | 74% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TTP | - | 69% | 78% | - | 74% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + Slope § | - | 50% | 78% | - | 65% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP | - | 69% | 83% | - | 76% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + Slope | - | 50% | 89% | - | 71% | |||||||||
| TTP + Slope § | - | 56% | 61% | - | 59% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TBRmean + TTP | - | 69% | 89% | - | 79% | |||||||||
| Radiomics features | - | 100% | 40% | 0.74 | 70% | |||||||||
| Kebir et al., 2016 | [70] | Retrospective | 26 | Grade 4:26 | 58 | 21 M 5 F | PET | TBRmax | 1.9 | 84% | 86% | 0.88 | 85% | |
| TBRmean | 1.9 | 74% | 86% | 0.86 | 77% | |||||||||
| TAC | II/III | 84% | 100% | - | 89% | |||||||||
| TTP | - | - | - | 0.86 | - | |||||||||
| Rachinger et al., 2005 | [71] | Retrospective | 45 | Grade 1:1 | 45 | 23 M 22 F | PET | SUVmax | 2.2 | 100% | 93% | |||
| Grade 2:10 | MRI | Volume/Gd-enhancing area | ∆25%/new area | 94% | 50% | |||||||||
| Grade 3:12 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 4:22 | ||||||||||||||
| Lohmeier et al., 2019 | [72] | Retrospective | 42 | Grade 1–2:2 | 47 | 32 M 10 F | PET | SUVmax § | - | - | - | - | ||
| Grade 3–4:40 | SUV80mean § | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| SUV-BG § | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| TBR80mean | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| TBRmax | 2.0 | 81% | 60% | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| DWI-MRI | ADCmean | 1254 × 10−6 mm2/s | 62% | 100% | 0.82 | |||||||||
| ADC-BG § | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| rADCmean | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| PET/MRI | TBRmax + ADCmean | - | 97% | 60% | 0.90 | |||||||||
| Bashir et al., 2019 | [73] | Retrospective | 146 | Grade 4:146 | 60 | 96 M 50 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.0 | 99% | 94% | 0.970 | 99% | |
| TBRmean | 1.8 | 96% | 94% | 0.977 | 96% | |||||||||
| BTV | 0.55 cm3 | 98% | 94% | 0.955 | 98% | |||||||||
| Steidl et al., 2020 | [74] | Retrospective | 104 | Grade 2:9 | 52 | 68 M 36 F | PET | TBRmax | 1.95 | 70% | 60% | 0.72 | 68% | |
| Grade 3:24 | TBRmean | - | - | - | 0.72 | - | ||||||||
| Grade 4:71 | TTP § | - | - | - | 0.60 | - | ||||||||
| Slope | 0.69 SUV/h | 84% | 62% | 0.69 | 80% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + Slope # | 1.95 and/or 0.69 SUV/h | 96% | 43% | - | 86% | |||||||||
| MRI | rCBVmax | 2.85 | 54% | 100% | 0.75 | 63% | ||||||||
| PET/MRI | rCBVmax + TBRmax + Slope # | - | 98% | 43% | - | 87% | ||||||||
| Pöpperl et al., 2006 | [75] | Prospective | 24 | Grade 3:5 | 49 | 15 M 9 F | PET | Tumax/BG # | 2.0 | 100% | 78% | |||
| Grade 4:19 | Tumax/BG # | 2.1 | 97% | 91% | ||||||||||
| Tumax/BG # | 2.2 | 82% | 95% | |||||||||||
| Tumax/BG # | 2.3 | 74% | 98% | |||||||||||
| Tumax/BG # | 2.4 | 74% | 100% | |||||||||||
| Tumax/BG # | 2.5 | 62% | 100% | |||||||||||
| Visual analysis # | Nodular vs. non-nodular | 94% | 94% | |||||||||||
| Müller et al., 2022 | [76] | Retrospective | 151 | Grade 2:28 | 52 | 97 M 54 F | PET | TBRmax | - | - | - | - | ||
| Grade 3:40 | TBRmean | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Grade 4:83 | TBRmax + TBRmean # | - | 66% | 80% | 0.78 | |||||||||
| Radiomics features # | - | 73% | 80% | 0.85 | ||||||||||
| TBRmax + TBRmean + radiomics features # | - | 81% | 70% | 0.85 | ||||||||||
| Mehrkens et al., 2008 | [77] | Prospective | 31 | Grade 2:17 | 46 | 17 M 14 F | PET | SUVmax/BG § | 2.0 | |||||
| Grade 3:6 | ||||||||||||||
| Grade 4:8 | ||||||||||||||
| Galldiks et al., 2015 | [78] | Retrospective | 124 | Grade 2:55 | 52 | 81 M 43 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.3 | 68% | 100% | 0.85 | 71% | |
| Grade 3:19 | TBRmean | 2.0 | 74% | 91% | 0.91 | 75% | ||||||||
| Grade 4:50 | TTP | 45 min | 82% | 73% | 0.81 | 81% | ||||||||
| Curve pattern | II/III | 78% | 73% | - | 77% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + Curve pattern | 2.3 and/or II/III | 93% | 73% | - | 91% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + Curve pattern | 2.0 and/or II/III | 93% | 73% | - | 91% | |||||||||
| TBRmax + TTP | 2.3 and/or 45 min | 92% | 73% | - | 90% | |||||||||
| TBRmean + TTP | 2.0 and/or 45 min | 93% | 100% | - | 93% | |||||||||
| MRI | RANO criteria § | - | 92% | 9% | - | 85% | ||||||||
| Pöpperl et al., 2004 | [79] | Prospective | 53 | Grade 1:1 | - | 28 M 25 F | PET | SUVmax | 2.2 | |||||
| Grade 2:9 | SUVmax/BG | 2.0 | ||||||||||||
| Grade 3:16 | SUV80/BG | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:27 | SUV70/BG | - | ||||||||||||
| Prognosis/Treatment response evaluation | ||||||||||||||
| Müther et al., 2019 | [80] | Prospective | 31 | Grade 4:31 | 67 | 13 M 18 F | PET | Volume | 4.3 cm3 | |||||
| Jansen et al., 2013 | [61] | Prospective | 33 | Grade 3:20 | - | - | PET | Uptake kinetics | Increasing | |||||
| Grade 4:13 | ||||||||||||||
| Suchorska et al., 2018 | [81] | Retrospective | 61 | Grade 2:44 | 46 | 31 M 30 F | PET | Initial BTV § | - | |||||
| Grade 3:17 | Initial TBRmax § | - | ||||||||||||
| Initial TAC § | Increasing vs. decreasing | |||||||||||||
| BTV after 6 months | - | |||||||||||||
| TBRmax after 6 months § | - | |||||||||||||
| TAC after 6 months § | Increasing vs. decreasing | |||||||||||||
| BTV response | ∆ ± 25% | |||||||||||||
| TBRmax response | ∆ ± 10% | |||||||||||||
| TAC response § | Stable increasing vs. Decreasing to increasing vs. Increasing to decreasing vs. Stable decreasing | |||||||||||||
| FET-PET response | Yes vs. no | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Initial T2 volume | - | ||||||||||||
| T2 volume after 6 months | - | |||||||||||||
| T2 volume response § | RD vs. SD vs. PD | |||||||||||||
| Galldiks et al., 2012 | [82] | Prospective | 25 | Grade 4:25 | 54 | 15 M 10 F | PET | TBRmax change | ∆-10% (PFS)/∆-20% (OS) | 83% (OS) | 67% (OS) | 0.75 (OS) | ||
| TBRmean change | ∆-5% | 67% | 75% | 0.72 | ||||||||||
| Tvol 1.6 change | ∆0% (PFS) | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| MRI | Gd-volume § | ∆0%/∆-25% | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Suchorska et al., 2015 | [83] | Prospective | 79 | Grade 4:79 | - | - | PET | BTVpreRCx | 9.5 cm3 | 64% | 70% | |||
| LBRmax-preRCx | 2.9 (OS) | 68% | 73% | |||||||||||
| Initial TAC | Increasing vs. decreasing (OS) | - | - | |||||||||||
| MRI | Gd+ volume | - | - | - | ||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2014 | [84] | Retrospective | 59 | Grade 2:59 | 43 | 32 M 27 F | PET | TAC | Increasing vs. decreasing | |||||
| Uptake § | Positive vs. negative | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax/BG § | - | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG § | - | |||||||||||||
| SUVtotal/BG § | - | |||||||||||||
| BTV § | - | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Contrast enhancement § | Yes vs. no | ||||||||||||
| Largest diameter | 6 cm (PFS) | |||||||||||||
| Tumor crossing midline § | Yes vs. no | |||||||||||||
| Thon et al., 2015 | [85] | Prospective | 98 | Grade 2:54 | - | 56 M 42 F | PET | TAC | Homogeneous decreasing vs. focal decreasing vs. homogeneous increasing | |||||
| Grade 3:40 | SUVmax § | 2.3 | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:4 | MRI | Tumor volume § | 35 mL | |||||||||||
| Kunz et al., 2018 | [86] | Prospective | 98 | Grade 2:59 | - | - | PET | TAC | Homogeneous increasing vs. mixed vs. homogeneous decreasing | |||||
| Grade 3:35 | TTPmin | >25 min vs. 12.5 < t ≤ 25 min vs. ≤12.5 min | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:4 | SUVmax § | 2.3 | ||||||||||||
| MRI | Tumor volume § | 35 mL | ||||||||||||
| Ceccon et al., 2021 | [87] | Prospective | 41 | Grade 2:1 | 52 | 22 M 19 F | PET | TBRmax baseline | 2.0 (PFS)/1.9 § (OS) | |||||
| Grade 3:2 | TBRmean baseline § | 1.9 (PFS)/1.8 (OS) | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:38 | MTV baseline | 28.2 mL (PFS)/13.8 mL (OS) | ||||||||||||
| TBRmax change | 0% | |||||||||||||
| TBRmean change § | 0% | |||||||||||||
| MTV change | 0% | |||||||||||||
| MRI | RANO criteria § | SD/PR/CR vs. PD | ||||||||||||
| Galldiks et al., 2018 | [88] | Prospective | 21 | Grade 4:21 | 55 | 13 M 8 F | PET | TBRmax relative reduction § | 27% | 92% | 63% | 0.78 | ||
| TBRmean relative reduction § | 16% | 92% | 63% | 0.81 | ||||||||||
| MTV relative reduction § | 27% | 77% | 63% | 0.82 | ||||||||||
| Absolute MTV at follow-up | 5 mL | 85% | 88% | 0.92 | ||||||||||
| MRI | RANO criteria § | PR or SD | 63% | 69% | - | |||||||||
| Carles et al., 2021 | [89] | Prospective | 32 | Grade 4:32 | 52 | 17 M 15 F | PET | Radiomic features: | ||||||
| SUVmin & | - | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean & | - | |||||||||||||
| GLV & | - | |||||||||||||
| GLV2 & | - | |||||||||||||
| WF_GLV & | - | |||||||||||||
| Qacor & | - | |||||||||||||
| QHGZE & | - | |||||||||||||
| QSZHGE & | - | |||||||||||||
| QGLN2 & | - | |||||||||||||
| QHGRE & | - | |||||||||||||
| QSRHGE & | - | |||||||||||||
| QLRHGE & | - | |||||||||||||
| SZLGE | - | |||||||||||||
| Busyness & | - | |||||||||||||
| WF_TS & | - | |||||||||||||
| QvarianceCM & | - | |||||||||||||
| Eccentricity & | - | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean + WF_GLV + QLRHGE + SUVmin | - | |||||||||||||
| SZLGE + Busyness + QVarianceCM + Eccentricity | - | |||||||||||||
| Suchorska et al., 2018 | [90] | Retrospective | 300 | Grade 2:121 | 48 | 166 M 134 F | PET | TBRmax § | 1.6 | |||||
| Grade 3:106 | TBRmax § | 2.6 | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:73 | TTPmin | 17.5 min (OS) | ||||||||||||
| MRI | Contrast enhancement § | Yes vs. no | ||||||||||||
| T2 volume § | 49 mL | |||||||||||||
| Wirsching et al., 2021 | [91] | Retrospective | 31 | Grade 4:31 | - | - | PET | TBR in non-contrast enhancing tumor portions at follow-up | High vs. low | |||||
| MRI | Contrast enhancement at baseline | - | ||||||||||||
| ADC at baseline | - | |||||||||||||
| Contrast enhancement at follow-up | - | |||||||||||||
| Sweeney et al., 2013 | [92] | Retrospective | 28 | Grade 2:5 | - | 21 M 7 F | PET | SUVmax | 2.6 | |||||
| Grade 3:12 | TBRmax § | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:11 | TBRmean§ | - | ||||||||||||
| Tumor volume § | ||||||||||||||
| VolSUVmax ≥ 2.2 | - | |||||||||||||
| Vol ≥ 40%SUVmax | - | |||||||||||||
| MRI | VolMRI | - | ||||||||||||
| PET/MRI | VolMRI + VolSUVmax ≥ 2.2 | - | ||||||||||||
| VolMRI + Vol≥ 40%SUVmax | - | |||||||||||||
| Non-overlap, VolMRI + VolSUVmax ≥ 2.2 | - | |||||||||||||
| Non-overlap, VolMRI + Vol ≥ 40%SUVmax | - | |||||||||||||
| Pyka et al., 2014 | [93] | Retrospective | 34 | Grade 1:2 | 41 | 22 M 12 F | PET | TBRmax | 2.5 | 0.696 | ||||
| Grade 2:19 | TBRmean | 2.3 | 0.696 | |||||||||||
| Grade 3:3 | TTP | 20 min | 0.848 | |||||||||||
| Grade 4:10 | Peak TBR | 2.2 | 0.704 | |||||||||||
| Slope-to-peak | 7 × 10−5/s | 0.711 | ||||||||||||
| Wollring et al., 2022 | [94] | Retrospective | 36 | Grade 3:8 | 54 | 20 M 16 F | PET | New distant FET hotspot | Yes vs. no | |||||
| Grade 4:28 | TBRmax change | 0% | ||||||||||||
| TBRmean change § | 0% | |||||||||||||
| MTV change | 0% | |||||||||||||
| TTP change § | 0% | |||||||||||||
| MRI | RANO criteria | SD/PR/CR vs. PD | ||||||||||||
| Bauer et al., 2020 | [95] | Retrospective | 60 | Grade 3:15 | 55 | 35 M 25 F | PET | TBRmax § | 2.55 | 70% | 57% | 0.63 | ||
| Grade 4:45 | TBRmean § | 2.05 | 60% | 70% | 0.69 | |||||||||
| MTV § | 11.15 mL | 72% | 54% | 0.56 | ||||||||||
| TTP | 25 min | 90% | 87% | 0.90 | ||||||||||
| Slope § | −0.103 SUV/h | 70% | 90% | 0.77 | ||||||||||
| Piroth et al., 2011 | [96] | Prospective | 44 | Grade 4:44 | 57 | 16 M 28 F | PET | VolTBR ≥ 1.6 | 25 mL | |||||
| VolTBR ≥ 2.0 | 10 mL | |||||||||||||
| TBRmax | 2.4 | |||||||||||||
| TBRmean | 2.0 | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Gd-volume § | 10 mL | ||||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2015 | [97] | Retrospective | 121 | Grade 3:51 | 54 | 73 M 48 F | PET | TTPmin | 12.5 min | |||||
| Grade 4:70 | SUVmax/BG § | - | ||||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG § | - | |||||||||||||
| BTV § | - | |||||||||||||
| MRI | contrast enhancement § | Yes vs. no | ||||||||||||
| Moller et al., 2016 | [98] | Prospective | 31 | Grade 3:6 | 54 | - | PET | BTV baseline | - | |||||
| Grade 4:25 | Tmax/B baseline # | - | ||||||||||||
| ∆BTV scan 2 § | - | |||||||||||||
| ∆BTV scan 3 § | - | |||||||||||||
| ∆Tmax/B scan 2 # | - | |||||||||||||
| ∆Tmax/B scan 3 # | - | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Volume (+necrosis) § | - | ||||||||||||
| Volume (−necrosis) | - | |||||||||||||
| Dissaux et al., 2020 | [99] | Prospective | 29 | Grade 3:3 | 60 | 17 M 12 F | PET | TBRmax | Median (5.03) | |||||
| Grade 4:26 | TBRmean § | Median | ||||||||||||
| SUVmax § | Median | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean § | Median | |||||||||||||
| SUVpeak § | Median | |||||||||||||
| TLG § | Median | |||||||||||||
| Volume § | Median | |||||||||||||
| Piroth et al., 2011 | [100] | Prospective | 22 | Grade 4:22 | 56 | 13 M 9 F | PET | Volume | 20 mL | |||||
| TBRmax § | 3.0 | |||||||||||||
| TBRmean § | 2.0 | |||||||||||||
| TBRmean | 2.4 | |||||||||||||
| Early TBRmax response | ∆-10% | |||||||||||||
| Early TBRmean response | ∆-10% | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Diameter of contrast-enhanced area | 4 cm | ||||||||||||
| Schneider et al., 2020 | [101] | Retrospective | 42 | Grade 2:19 | 46 | 26 M 16 F | PET | SUVmax | 3.4 | |||||
| Grade 3:23 | TBRmax | 3.03 | ||||||||||||
| BTV | 10 cm3 | |||||||||||||
| Kertels et al., 2019 | [102] | Retrospective | 35 | Grade 2:14 | 48 | 20 M 15 F | PET | FET positivity | Yes vs. no | |||||
| Grade 3:21 | ||||||||||||||
| Floeth et al., 2007 | [103] | Prospective | 33 | Grade 2:33 | - | 20 M 13 F | PET | Mean FET uptake | 1.1 | |||||
| Maximum FET uptake § | 2.0 | |||||||||||||
| MRI | Hemisphere§ | Right vs. left | ||||||||||||
| Brain lobe location § | - | |||||||||||||
| Extension § | Deep vs. superficial | |||||||||||||
| Size § | 3 cm | |||||||||||||
| Mass shift § | Yes vs. no | |||||||||||||
| Appearance | Circumscribed vs. diffuse | |||||||||||||
| PET/MRI | Mean FET uptake + MRI appearance | - | ||||||||||||
| Niyazi et al., 2012 | [104] | Retrospective | 56 | Grade 3:13 | 50 | 34 M 22 F | PET | Kinetics pre re-RT | G1–2 vs. G3 vs. G4–5 | |||||
| Grade 4:43 | Kinetics post re-RT § | G1–2 vs. G3 vs. G4–5 | ||||||||||||
| SUVmax/BG pre re-RT § | 3.3 | |||||||||||||
| SUVmax/BG post re-RT § | 2.6 | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG pre re-RT § | 2.2 | |||||||||||||
| SUVmean/BG post re-RT § | 2.3 | |||||||||||||
| BTV pre re-RT § | 13.7 cc | |||||||||||||
| BTV post re-RT § | 7.3 cc | |||||||||||||
| Pyka et al., 2016 | [39] | Retrospective | 113 | Grade 3:26 | 59 | 43 M 70 F | PET | TBRmax § | 2.5 | |||||
| Grade 4:87 | TBRmean § | 1.56 (PFS)/1.57 (OS) | ||||||||||||
| MTV | 19.4 (PFS) §/18.9 (OS) | |||||||||||||
| TLU | 35.0 (PFS) §/17.1 (OS) | |||||||||||||
| Textural parameters: | ||||||||||||||
| Coarseness | 5.96 × 10−3 (PFS)/6.88 × 10−3 (OS) | |||||||||||||
| Contrast | 0.427 | |||||||||||||
| Busyness | 1.366 (PFS)/0.984 (OS) | |||||||||||||
| Complexity | 0.085 (PFS)/0.094 (OS) | |||||||||||||
| Blanc-Durand et al., 2018 | [43] | Retrospective | 37 | Grade 1:3 | 45 | 23 M 14 F | PET | TBRmax § | - | |||||
| Grade 2:15 | TBRmean § | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 3:14 | TTP | - | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4:5 | Slope | - | ||||||||||||
| TAC | - |