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. 2024 Sep 15;16(18):3118. doi: 10.3390/nu16183118

Table 5.

Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations Model results regarding the effect of different interventions on outcome variables among moderately thin children 5–7 years of age in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2023.

Outcome Variable Predictors β 95% CI p
Lower Upper
Height (cm) RUSF + HiML 2.286 1.743 2.830 <0.001
RUSF 1.206 0.673 1.739 <0.001
No intervention Ref. . . .
Sex (F) −0.232 −0.648 0.184 0.275
Age (yrs) 7 −0.057 −0.647 0.533 0.850
6 0.041 −0.669 0.751 0.910
5 Ref.
Weight (kg) RUSF + HiML 1.730 1.199 2.261 <0.001
RUSF 1.505 1.030 1.979 <0.001
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) 0.417 0.012 0.822 0.044
Age (yrs) 7 0.244 −0.233 0.722 0.316
6 0.086 −0.407 0.579 0.733
5 Ref.
Grip strength (kg) RUSF + HiML 2.783 2.017 3.549 <0.001
RUSF 1.046 0.070 2.022 0.036
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) −0.090 −0.810 0.631 0.807
Age (yrs) 7 −0.493 −1.318 0.332 0.241
6 −0.269 −1.667 1.129 0.706
5 Ref.
Elbow flexor (N) RUSF + HiML 17.171 12.359 21.982 <0.001
RUSF 20.620 14.996 26.244 <0.001
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) −2.400 −7.173 2.373 0.324
Age (yrs) 7 2.902 −3.049 8.852 0.339
6 −2.816 −10.057 4.426 0.446
5 Ref.
Quadricep strength (N) RUSF + HiML 15.890 9.303 22.478 <0.001
RUSF 10.298 2.269 18.328 0.012
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) 2.067 −3.964 8.099 0.502
Age (yrs) 7 −3.619 −10.339 3.100 0.291
6 −2.975 −11.078 5.128 0.472
5 Ref.
Gastrocnemius sup flexor of the leg (N) RUSF + HiML 9.626 3.613 15.640 0.002
RUSF 19.055 12.741 25.370 <0.001
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) 1.804 −3.265 6.873 0.486
Age (yrs) 7 4.869 −0.195 9.934 0.060
6 −5.131 −14.086 3.824 0.261
5 Ref.
Fat mass (kg) RUSF + HiML 0.892 0.275 1.508 0.005
RUSF 1.020 0.419 1.620 0.001
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) 0.047 −0.472 0.565 0.860
Age (yrs) 7 −0.131 −0.683 0.421 0.642
6 −0.314 −0.883 0.256 0.280
5 Ref.
Fat-free mass (kg) RUSF + HiML 2.025 0.951 3.100 <0.001
RUSF 0.932 0.195 1.670 0.013
No intervention Ref.
Sex (F) 0.609 −0.091 1.309 0.088
Age (yrs) 7 0.443 −0.373 1.258 0.287
6 −0.515 −1.895 0.865 0.464
5 Ref.

Parameters adjusted for the age and sex of the child, wealth index, and family size of the household. RUSF: Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food; HiML: high-intensity motor learning. Bold values indicate significance (alpha < 0.05).