Table 2.

Illustrative values for ToA and range for different SFs.

SF	Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) * [58]	ToA (ms) **	Estimated Average Range (km) ***
6	−118	56.448	3.3
7	−123	97.536	4.7
8	−126	174.592	5.8
9	−129	328.704	7.1
10	−132	616.448	8.8
11	−133	1150.976	9.5
12	−136	2138.112	11.7

* BW = 125 kHz; ** BW = 125 kHz, PL = 50 bytes, $n_{peramble}=8$ bytes, IH = 0, CRC = 1, CR = 1, DE = 0; *** propagation model used: log-normal shadowing (d0 = 190 m, σ = 3.5, α = 3.3, PL(d0)(dB) = 96), P_T = 17 dBm, G_R = 2 dBi.