Table 11.

Simulation parameters.

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
RF channel	923 MHz	$d_0$	190 m
Spreading factor	8 (studies 7–12 as well)	$P_L\left(d_0\right)$	96 dBm
Channel bandwidth	125 kHz	$\alpha$	3.3
Code rate	4/5	$\sigma$	3.5
Transmit power	17 dBm	Payload size	11 bytes
Receiver sensitivity	−126 dBm	Number of ENs	100
Receive antenna gain	2 dB	RN spacing	d* as in Table 8 ± 100 m