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. 2024 Aug 24;12(9):624. doi: 10.3390/toxics12090624

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Decreases in mesencephalon (midbrain, MB) and cerebellum (hindbrain, HB) cerebral vasculature at 72 hpf after embryonic exposure to As, Pb, or a mixture of As and Pb. To evaluate cerebral vasculature development, several endpoints were assessed in the mesencephalon (midbrain, MB) including the number of sprouting blood vessels (A), the number of branches (B), and total vasculature (C). Similar measurements were ascertained in the cerebellum (hindbrain, HB) including number of sprouting blood vessels (D), the number of branches (E), and total vasculature (F). n = 5 with 10 subsamples per treatment per replicate for a total of 50 fish analyzed per treatment group. Error bars represent standard deviation. * p < 0.05.