Table 2.

Ethogram of defined canine behaviours and their categorisation as either active, inactive, or maintenance.

Category	Behaviour	Description
Active	Walking	The slowest upright gait where the body is moving forward, each paw lifting from the ground one at a time in a regular sequence [48].
	Trotting	A rhythmic two-beat gait where diagonally opposite paws strike the ground at the same time as the subject moves forward. This gait is faster than walking [48].
	Running	Can also be defined as a ‘canter’. This is a three-beat gait in which two legs move separately and two as a diagonal pair. This gait is faster than a walk and trot [48].
	Jumping	Subject has both hindlegs on the floor and rears in a manner that results in both forelegs in contact with the fencing of paddock, kennel, or person [49].
	Barking	Barking is defined as the mouth being opened and closed quickly in a snapping motion, releasing a low frequency vocalization [49].
	Sniffing	Nose directed to a point of interest and sniffs [50].
	Digging	The dog uses its forepaws to repeatedly scratch the ground surface [49].
	Scratching	Grooming behaviour directed towards subjects’ own body, using paws [49].
Inactive	Resting-alert	Lying on stomach with forelegs extended to the front, hind legs bent and resting close to the body on each side, or with the body twisted and both hind legs on one side. Head is held up off the ground or surface [47].
	Resting-asleep	Lying on stomach with forelegs extended to the front, hind legs bent and resting close to the body on each side, or with the body twisted and both hind legs on one side. Head is lowered to rest on either forelegs or the ground between them [47].
	L. recumbency	Lying down flat on one side with head resting on surface in sideways position [51].
	Sitting	Hind quarters on ground with front legs standing up straight and being used for support [49].
	Standing	All four paws planted on ground and legs extended so they are upright in stationary position [49].
Maintenance	Defecating	Excretion of faeces from the subject’s body [49].
	Urinating	Excretion of urine from the subject’s body [49].
	Eating	Subject chews and ingests food from bowl provided by human [49].
	Drinking	Subject drinks from water bowl in paddock by lapping up the water with their tongue [48,49].
	Auto grooming	Grooming behaviour directed towards the subject’s own body including licking, self-biting, and scratching [49].
Other	Other	Any behaviour that does not fit into one of the behaviours included in this ethogram.
	Out of sight	Subject is out of view and behaviour cannot be observed.

Abbreviation: Lateral recumbency (L. Recumbency).