Table 1.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Breast Cancer Diagnostic Methods [18,19,20,21,22,23].

S. No.	Diagnostic Approaches	Advantages	Drawbacks
1.	Mammography	-Benefits include high sensitivity and specificity, low cost, and good tolerability. -Mammography has been shown to lower breast cancer mortality by 19%.	-Pain and anxiety, false alarms, and radiation hazards. -Limited sensitivity in thick breast tissue, where superimposition distortions could disguise abnormalities.
2.	Ultrasonography	-Suitable screening for young women, with non-invasive diagnostic procedures. -Detecting mammary gland inflammation.	-Limitations include the inability to detect microscopic masses and unusual tissue. -Reliance on the examining clinician, and low definition and resolution.
3.	MRI	-Monitoring of high-risk populations, such as those with a family history of cancer. -Suitable for people undergoing breast-conserving surgery.	-Not suited for all patients, including those with claustrophobia and contrast sensitivity. -Not recommended for large-scale screening or cancer staging.
4.	Biopsy	-Tissue biopsy is the primary method for detecting and diagnosing tumors. -It involves analyzing tissue at the cellular level to identify aberrant or malignant cells.	-The limitations of this method include restricted tissue sample availability. -Low sensitivity and accuracy., high procedure costs. -Difficulty distinguishing between tumor types and invasiveness.
Smart diagnostic tool		Advantages
5.	Biosensor	-Provides quick, on-site detection, easy and cost-effective approaches. -Because of their low abundance, glycoproteins are the recommended targets for breast cancer diagnostics above miRs and CTC. -Compared to antibodies, aptamers have the advantage of being synthetic and thermally stable, making them ideal candidates for bio-detection. -Enables the sensitive and selective detection of BC.