Table 13.

F1-score comparison.

Datasets	Category	Model
		IZOA-LightGBM	ZOA-LightGBM	SA-LightGBM	PSO-LightGBM	IZOA-XGBoost	LightGBM	LR	MLP
CMD	Benign	99.88	99.03	99.27	99.03	99.27	96.77	67.22	72.04
	Adware	99.76	98.56	98.68	98.92	98.2	97.8	29.81	66.75
	Bank Malware	99.73	98.68	98.94	99.07	98.16	97.83	28.87	36.73
	SMS Malware	99.87	98.87	98.74	99.12	97.97	99.72	47.02	48.75
	Riskware	99.5	98.61	98.61	98.61	98.36	95.62	49.56	48.28
CCA	Adware	98.68	96.3	97.11	97.11	95.47	90.13	58.46	73.15
	Backdoor	99.72	98.29	98.41	98.05	98.29	98.53	71.35	99.02
	FileInfector	98.92	99.64	99.52	98.92	99.64	99.52	88.19	100
	PUA	99.74	99.22	99.22	98.7	98.45	97.45	76.72	99.05
	Ransomware	97.35	95.63	96.15	94.89	95.63	95.63	70.75	80.66
	Riskware	99.05	96.76	96.76	96.76	96.15	89.37	67.11	79.46
	Scareware	99.13	99.38	99.01	98.77	99.38	99.38	85.18	99.26
	Trojan	98.71	94.72	94.72	94.72	93.75	88.14	64.14	82.06
	Trojan_Banker	99.2	99.73	99.73	99.06	99.6	99.73	80.72	100
	Trojan_Dropper	98.88	98.64	98.51	98.27	98.64	98.64	64.77	98.14
	Trojan_SMS	98.49	96.57	97.03	96.66	96.57	96.57	66.83	94.27
	Trojan_Spy	99.29	98.52	99.26	98.75	98.28	98.28	80.46	95.65
AAGM	GenMalware	98.17	96.84	96.64	97.27	97.13	91.51	68.49	82.12
	Adware	97.82	96.47	96.42	97.17	97.16	91.13	58.48	78.4
	Benign	97.85	95.99	96.15	96.66	96.61	88.97	55.6	77.23

Bold indicates the highest F1-score.