Table 15.

Time complexity and model size comparison.

Datasets	Model	Training Time (s)	Detection Time (ms)	Model Size (MB)
CMD	IZOA-LightGBM	26,426.7	8.53	16.37
	ZOA-LightGBM	18,503.83	7.25	12.69
	SA-LightGBM	43,180.52	7.13	15.21
	PSO-LightGBM	31,810.4	6.55	18.99
	IZOA-XGBoost	33,885.88	13.56	28.43
	LightGBM	3.2	6.89	1.71
	LR	2.67	7.25	0.26
	MLP	6.42	15.77	9.03
CCA	IZOA-LightGBM	30,132.51	5.98	22.23
	ZOA-LightGBM	25,536.28	7.41	21.58
	SA-LightGBM	49,850.6	6.22	23.66
	PSO-LightGBM	40,734.69	7.48	25.87
	IZOA-XGBoost	30,854.32	10.56	37.69
	LightGBM	10.5	5.45	4.16
	LR	3.62	3	0.37
	MLP	52.52	6.99	11.53
AAGM	IZOA-LightGBM	28,265.45	4.56	20.56
	ZOA-LightGBM	26,894.79	3.55	21.05
	SA-LightGBM	50,897.62	6.59	22.14
	PSO-LightGBM	42,569.17	4.88	21.89
	IZOA-XGBoost	33,458.53	16.59	38.68
	LightGBM	4.53	3.05	4.27
	LR	1.56	2	0.42
	MLP	22.66	4.54	12.88

Bold indicates the shortest time or smallest model size.