Table 1.
Characteristics and data availability of included studies.
| Variables | NACII-IT | PCB-SK | InAirQ-HU | NEBII-NO | CRP-SLO | Combined b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort characteristics [Mean (SD) or frequency (percentage)] | ||||||
| Country | Italy | Slovakia | Hungary | Norway | Slovenia | - |
| Initial sample size | 300 | 294 | 257 | 297 | 124 | 1148 |
| Age | 7.0 (0.2) | 11.1 (0.4) | 9.3 (0.7) | 9.83 (1.17) | 8.85 (0.97) | 9.32 (1.68) |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 16.9 (2.26) | 20.2 (4.3) | 17.4 (3.3) | 17.4 (2.46) | 17.2 (3.09) | 18.0 (3.50) |
| BMI z-score | 0.49 (1.15) | 0.92 (1.22) | 0.27 (1.35) | 0.32 (0.81) | 0.34 (1.44) | 0.51 (1.17) |
| Child sex = boys | 150 (50%) | 130 (44%) | 130 (51%) | 160 (54%) | 55 (44%) | 570 (50%) |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Low | 42 (14%) | 33 (11%) | 9 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (9%) | 84 (8%) |
| Medium | 139 (46%) | 235 (80%) | 122 (52%) | 39 (13%) | 30 (24%) | 535 (47%) |
| High | 119 (40%) | 25 (9%) | 103 (44%) | 258 (87%) | 83 (67%) | 505 (45%) |
| Maternal IQ | 120 (10.7) [68–128] | 108 (15.1) [63–132] | - | - | - | 114.1 (14.5) [63–132] |
| Behavior CBCL assessment (Mean (SD)/[range] and BDNF levels (Median, P25, P75; μg/g creatinine) | ||||||
| Total CBCL score | 23.2 (15.0) [0–87] | - | - | - | - | - |
| Externalizing score | 5.4 (4.6) [0–27] | - | - | - | - | - |
| Internalizing score | 6.3 (5.4) [0–34] | - | - | - | - | - |
| Urinary BDNF a | 2.87 (1.98, 4.21) | 2.65 (1.85, 3.83) | 2.52 (1.70, 3.54) | 1.52 (1.08, 1.98) | - | 2.31 (1.52, 3.46) |
| Serum BDNF | - | - | - | - | 45.1 (38.9, 52.6) | - |
| Phthalate concentrations (Median, P25, P75; μg/g creatinine) | ||||||
| MEP | 63.5 (33.3, 131.9) | 23.9 (12.9, 54.9) | 9.64 (5.82, 18.1) | 14.3 (9.70, 25.6) | 25.3 (15.7, 51.2) | 21.8 (10.4, 54.4) |
| MnBP | 21.9 (14.5, 33.0) | 58.8 (35.9, 102.8) | 18.6 (11.5, 30.0) | 23.9 (15.1, 35.2) | 19.9 (14.0, 26.9) | 26.3 (15.5, 47.2) |
| MiBP | 34.2 (24.6, 50.2) | 48.3 (25.9, 81.0) | 34.0 (19.9, 51.7) | 26.7 (16.1, 41.3) | 27.0 (17.5, 43.5) | 33.9 (21.5, 57.7) |
| MBzP | 6.69 (3.89, 11.1) | 3.94 (0.77, 7.58) | 1.59 (0.93, 2.84) | 4.88 (2.95, 8.61) | 3.47 (2.12, 5.52) | 4.14 (1.80, 7.99) |
| ∑DEHP | 69.4 (51.8, 108.1) | 88.2 (57.8, 136.6) | 36.9 (23.8, 56.3) | 40.8 (29.3, 62.3) | 55.4 (38.4, 87.4) | 56.4 (35.6, 93.4) |
| MEHHP | 19.2 (14.3, 28.8) | 20.3 (14.0, 31.8) | 10.8 (6.85, 16.6) | 9.29 (6.35, 14.5) | 14.6 (9.11, 21.9) | 14.8 (8.56, 23.5) |
| MEOHP | 9.82 (6.89, 15.0) | 18.1 (12.2, 25.6) | 5.23 (3.43, 8.42) | 5.74 (3.89, 8.66) | 11.1 (7.27, 17.4) | 8.62 (4.91, 15.4) |
| MECPP | 24.2 (16.8, 37.3) | 28.2 (18.0, 46.8) | 11.4 (7.32, 18.3) | 17.2 (12.3, 24.8) | 17.7 (11.7, 25.8) | 19.6 (12.5, 31.6) |
| ∑DINCH c | 6.17 (3.40, 10.5) | 2.52 (1.43, 4.97) | 1.97 (1.25, 4.11) | - | 4.27 (2.43, 7.05) | 3.30 (1.68, 6.68) |
| MHINCH | 3.65 (2.03, 6.68) | 1.65 (0.90, 3.35) | 1.20 (0.74, 2.42) | 2.94 (1.91, 5.52) | 2.61 (1.41, 4.52) | 2.28 (1.23, 4.54) |
| MCOCH c | 2.24 (1.26, 4.13) | 0.86 (0.46, 1.62) | 0.90 (0.49, 1.68) | - | 1.55 (0.89, 2.70) | 1.21 (0.58, 2.49) |
Abbreviations: BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor); BMI (body mass index); CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist); ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education); IQ (intelligence quotient); NACII-IT (Italian Northern Adriatic Cohort II); PCB-SK (Slovakian PCB-SK cohort); InAirQ-HU (Hungarian Integrated Indoor Air Quality Management cohort); MEP (mono-ethyl phthalate); MnBP (mono-n-butyl phthalate); MiBP (mono-isobutyl phthalate); MBzP (mono-benzyl phthalate); DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate); MEHHP (mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate); MEOHP (mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate); MECPP (mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate); DINCH (di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate); MHINCH (mono-hydroxy isononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate); MCOCH (mono-oxo isononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate). a (μg/g of creatinine). b Combined data from NACII-IT, PCB-SK, InAirQ-HU and NEBII-NO cohorts, excluding CRP-SLO since the later cohort did not had data on urinary BDNF levels. c The ∑DINCH measure was estimated without considering the NEBII-NO cohort, which only had data on the MHINCH but not the MCOCH metabolite.