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. 2024 Sep 13;12(9):1050. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12091050

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Early vaccine-induced cytokine and chemokine profile in healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) vaccine recipients. Level of cytokines (IL-15, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) (A–D), of the chemokine CXCL-10 (E) and of the acute-phase protein Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) (F) were measured using multiplex magnetic bead panel in serum samples longitudinally collected from the “CoV_only” group (in grey) and the “Flu_plusCoV” groups (in blue for healthy subjects, HS, and in petrol green for T2D individuals) immediately before (day 0, d0), as well as 1 day and 30 days (d1 and d30, respectively) after the third booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in the presence or absence of the flu vaccine. Only for the “Flu_beforeCoV” group (in light blue) was the analysis performed on sera stored before (day 0, d0) the quadrivalent flu vaccine, as well as before (day 30, d30) and 1 and 30 days after (d30 + 1 and d30 + 30, respectively) the third booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. p-values calculated by one-way ANOVA test were assigned as follows: * ≤ 0.05; ** ≤ 0.01; *** ≤ 0.001, **** ≤ 0.0001.