Table 3.
Representative examples of the electrochemical performance of hydrothermally treated carbonaceous, TMDC-containing electrodes.
| Li-Ion Batteries | |||||
| Electrode Material | Synthesis Method | Electrolyte 1 | Stability | Capacity (mA·h/g) | |
| MoS2/Graphene [203] | HTC (180 °C,12 h) of MoS2 precursors and graphene | 1 M LiPF6 solution in an EC/DEC mixture | 1127 mA·h/g after 200 cycles | >1300 | |
| Cornstalk-derived C/MoS2 [204] | HTC (200 °C, 1 h) of precursors and corn; pyrolysis at 1000 °C | 1 M LiPF6 solution in a mixture of EC/DEC/DMC | 1129 mA·h/g after 200 cycles | > 1300 | |
| AC from chitosan/graphene oxide/MoS2 [205] | HTC (240 °C, 24 h) of all materials and annealing at 800 °C | 1 M LiPF6 solution in an EC/DMC mixture | Stable over 100 cycles | >1000 | |
| MoO2/Multiwalled carbon nanotubes [206] | HTC (200 °C, 36 h) of CNT and MoO2 precursors. | 1 M LiPF6 solution in an EC/DMC mixture | 1143 mA·h/g after 200 cycles | >1200 | |
| AC from glucose and MoS2 [207] | HTC (200 °C, 48 h) of glucose; HTC (200 °C, 18 h) of MoS2 precursor and hydrochar. Pyrolysis at 600 °C | 1 M LiPF6 solution in an EC/EMC/DEC mixture | 98% retention after 50 cycles | 484 | |
| Supercapacitors | |||||
| Electrode material | Synthesis method | Electrolyte | BET area (m2/g) | Stability | Capacitance 2 (F/g) |
| Graphene oxide/WS2 [208] | HTC (265 °C, 24 h) of GO and WS2 precursors | 1 M Na2SO4 | - | 94% after 1000 cycles | 274 * |
| AC fiber/WS2 [209] | Fiber activ. *** (800 °C) with KOH (3:1). HTC (180 °C, 24 h) of AC and WS2 precursors | 1 M KOH | 11 | 93% after 1000 cycles | 255 */600 ** |
| Graphene oxide/WO3 [210] | Hydrothermal heating (90 °C, 3 h) of precursor; heating at 500 °C. HTC (180 °C, 12 h) of WO3/GO | 2 M KOH | 17 | >320 F/g after 1000 cycles | 580 ** |
| Carbon/MoS2 [211] | HTC (200 °C, 12 h) of all precursors | 1 M Na2SO4 | 16 | 60% after 2000 cycles | 394 ** at 5 mV/s |
| Graphene/MoS2 [212] | HTC (180 °C, 36 h) of GO and MoS2 precursor. | 1 M Na2SO4 | 103 | 92% after 1000 cycles | 243 ** |
| Biomass-derived electrodes for supercapacitors | |||||
| Tendu leaf-derived AC/MoS2 [213] | Heating (450 °C) and KOH (3:1) activ. (650 °C) of leaves. HTC (180 °C, 20 h) of MoS2 precursor; HTC (180 °C,12 h) and heating (800 °C) of AC | 1 M Na2SO4 | 1509 | 89% after 5000 cycles | 261 * at 2 mV/s |
| Glucose/PEG/Thiourea/MoS2 [214] | HTC (200 °C, 24 h) of MoS2 precursor and rest of materials. | 1 M Na2SO4 | 69 | 95% after 1000 cycles | 186 * |
| Corncob-derived carbon/MoS2 [215] | Pyrolysis (750 °C) of corncob. HTC (200 °C, 16 h) of MoS2 precursors and carbon. Mix with KOH and drying. | 1 M Na2SO4 | 101 | 82% after 7000 cycles | 38 */333 ** |
| Pomelo peel-derived AC/MoS2 [216] | KOH (5 mol/L) activ. (700 °C) of biomass. HTC (220 °C, 24 h) of carbon and MoS2 precursor | 3 M KOH | 320 | 94% after 2000 cycles | 361 ** |
| Cornstalk-derived C/MoS2 [204] | HTC (200 °C, 1 h) of precursors and corn; pyrolysis at 1000 °C | 1 M Na2SO4 in a mixture of EC/DEC/DMC | 326 | 79% after 5000 cycles | 338 ** |
| Glucose/Al2O3/MoS2 [217]. | HTC (200 °C, 24 h) of glucose and MoS2 precursor. Annealing at 500 °C | 3 M KOH | - | Increase 5% after 1000 cycles | 210 ** |
1 Ethyl carbonate (EC), Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Diethyl carbonate (DEC), Dimethyl carbonate (DMC). 2 Specific capacitances measured at 1 A/g unless otherwise stated. * In a 2-electrode setup. ** In a 3-electrode setup. *** Activ. = Activation.