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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2024 Jul 25;326(1):8–16. doi: 10.1111/imr.13370

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Oral tolerance to foods. After food ingestion (1) food proteins access the lamina propria of the small intestine (2) where they are captured by migratory dendritic cells (DC). DC migrate to mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) (3) where they mediate the differentiation of food specific CD4 T cells into Foxp3+ pTregs in a TGFβ and retinoic acid dependent manner (4). Newly formed pTregs acquire homing receptors α4β7 and CCR9/CCR10 and migrate to the small intestinal lamina propria (5), where they proliferate (6). Food specific Foxp3+ Tregs disseminate systemically through the efferent lymphatic system and blood circulation, reaching other lymphoid organs and tissues.