Table 1.

Leveraging opportunities and hurdles associated with urban agriculture, contributing to the achievement of various SDGs

Leveraging opportunities	SDG targets	Hurdles	SDG targets
Safe, nutritious, and fresh food	1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.c, 8.2, 11.2, 12.3, 12.4, and 12.7	exclusive to the privileged groups	1.2, 1.5, 1.a, 1.b, 2.2, 4.1, 5.4, 5.a, 10.2, 13.3, 16.5, and 16.b
Knowledge and literacy	4.1, 4.3, 4.6, 12.6, 12.8, 13.3, and 15.7	contamination, pollution, and health hazards	1.3, 2.4, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 6.2, 8.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.b, 12.4, 12.5, 14.2, 15.1, and 15.4
Ecosystem services, biodiversity, and environmental benefits	2.4, 2.5, 3.9, 6.1, 7.2, 8.4, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.b, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.b, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.8, and 17.8	water security	6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 11.6, 13.1, 14.1, and 14.3
Social inclusion	1.b, 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, and 10.2	high energy and input usage	2.1, 2.3, 7.2, 7.3, 11.3, and 12.2
Employment and income	1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.a, 2.3, 4.4, 5.a, 6.2, 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.10, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 12.b, and 17.1	others	1.1, 1.4, 2.5, 2.c, 8.1, 12.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.5, 15.7, and 15.8
Psychological well-being	3.4 and 16.1
Others	6.4, 11.a, 12.5, and 17.7

We distill these opportunities and hurdles based on the most frequently compiled reasons behind the linkages between urban agriculture and SDGs in Table S3. “Others” consists of opportunities and hurdles linked with a few targets. They are partnerships, self-consumption, land tenure issues, illegal trade, recycling and reuse, urban renewal, water use efficiency, and ecosystem disservices. See Table S2 for the short names of the targets.