Table 5.
Associations between Maternal Prenatal Immune Cytokine Concentrations and Parent-Reported Temperament at 12 Months
| Fear | Approach | Activity | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | p-value | B | SE | β | p-value | B | SE | β | p-value | |
| CRP | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | .381 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.10 | .324 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | .873 |
| IL-1-Beta | −0.23 | 0.32 | −0.07 | .460 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.04 | .650 | −0.11 | 0.25 | −0.04 | .655 |
| IL-2 | −0.16 | 0.18 | −0.07 | .397 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.08 | .361 | −0.10 | 0.13 | −0.06 | .462 |
| IL-4 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 | .911 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.21 | .003 | −0.00 | 0.07 | −0.00 | .960 |
| IL-6 | −0.14 | 0.14 | −0.08 | .322 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.25 | .001 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | .981 |
| IL-8 | −0.16 | 0.14 | −0.09 | .247 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.28 | .001 | −0.05 | 0.12 | −0.04 | .676 |
| IL-10 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.01 | .873 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | .318 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | .781 |
| IL-17A | −0.15 | 0.17 | −0.07 | .364 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | .431 | −0.19 | 0.15 | −0.12 | .219 |
| TGF-beta | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.07 | .343 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.04 | .673 | −0.08 | 0.22 | −0.04 | .702 |
| IFN-G | −0.03 | 0.17 | −0.01 | .867 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | .311 | −0.13 | 0.16 | −0.07 | .408 |
Note. Models were fit separately for each immune marker. Latent immune marker and temperament scores were estimated within the model. All models were adjusted for maternal education (high school or less = 0, some college or more = 1), infant race (nonwhite = 0, white = 1), infant sex (0 = male, 1 = female), and maternal prenatal anxiety. Findings significant at p < .05 are bolded for clarity. B indicates an unstandardized beta estimate and β indicates a standardized beta. SE stands for standard error.