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. 2024 Sep 27;15:490. doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01356-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Classification and roles of cannabinoids. The figure illustrates the three primary classifications of cannabinoids based on their origins: endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids. Endocannabinoids, synthesized within the human body, include N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). They regulate pain, depression, appetite, and various neuropsychological processes. Phytocannabinoids, derived from Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica plants, include Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and are used therapeutically for neurological disorders. Synthetic cannabinoids, such as JWH-018 and JWH-073, are chemically engineered for research and analgesic purposes. The diagram shows the interaction of these cannabinoids with endocannabinoid receptors and their respective roles in medical and therapeutic contexts