Table 3.
Study Characteristics
| References | Study Location | Journal | Instrumentation System | Sample Size | Age (years) | Age Category | Training Level / Status | Boat Class | Weight Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baudouin & Hawkins 2004 [47] | USA | J Biomech | Custom instrumented oar force and angle (foil strain gauges and linear potentiometer) | 8M | Unknown | University age | Collegiate | 2- | HW |
| Cuijpers et al. 2017 [45] | Netherlands | Scand J Med. Sci Sports | Custom instrumented oar force and angle (foil strain gauges and linear potentiometer) | 24M, 3F | 20 years ± 7 | Experienced rowers | National | 2x | HW & LW |
| Doyle et al. 2008 [28] | Australia | Impact of Technology on Sports II | Custom Oarlock 2D load transducers, Horizontal oar shaft potentiometer, Seat drum & reel transducer | 28M | Unknown | Unknown | International | 2- | HW & LW |
| Doyle et al. 2010 [14] | Australia | Sports Biomech | Custom Oarlock 2D load transducers, Horizontal oar shaft potentiometer, Seat drum & reel transducer | 28M | 22.8 ± 3.7 | Underage and senior | National | 2- | HW & LW |
| Gravenhorst et al. 2015 [35] | Switzerland, Australia | IJCSS | Minimaxx (accelerometer & gyroscope), Peach Innovations (gate force & gate angle) | 4F | Unknown | Senior | International | 2x | unknown |
| Hill 2002 [46] | Germany | J Sports Sci | Four strain gauges (HBM, Darmstadt, Germany)—glued onto Concept 2 macon bladed oars | 20M | 22–31 | Senior | International | 4- | LW |
| Hill & Fahrig 2009 [26] | Germany | Scand J Med Sci Sports | MMS2000 (FES, Berlin, Germany, Bohmert & Mattes 2003) | 15M | 17–31 | Underage and senior | Club, National | 2- | HW |
| Hofmijster et al. 2007 [65] | Netherlands, Australia | J Sports Sci | RowSys measurement & telemetry system (Uni Sydney & NSWIS—Smith & Loschner, 2002) | 6M, 3F | 19–26 | Underage and senior | "Experienced" rowers (2-12yrs experience) | 1x | HW |
| Kleshnev 2010 [38] | Australia, UK | J. Sports Eng. Technol | BioRowTel, Berkshire, GB | 294 crews | Unknown | Unknown | National & International | HW & LW | |
| Lintmeijer et al. 2018 [39] | Netherlands | J Sports Sci | Peach PowerLine instrumentation systems (Peach Innovations, UK) | 5M, 4F | 19–42 | Underage, senior, masters | "Experienced" rowers (2-20yrs experience) | 1x | HW & LW |
| Liu et al. 2020 [33] | China | Sports Biomech | Custom system built similar to ROWX system (Weba Sport) | 10M | 21.8–29.4 | Senior | International | 1x | HW |
| Martin & Bernfield 1980 [29] | USA | Med Sci Sports Exerc | Video analysis | 8M | Unknown | Senior | International | 8 + | HW |
| Mattes & Wolff 2019 [34] | Germany | Int J Perform Anal Sport | MMS2000 (FES, Berlin, Germany, Bohmert & Mattes 2003) | 16M, 16F | Under 19 | Juniors (under19) | International Junior | 8 + | HW |
| Mattes et al. 2015 [72] | Germany | JHSE | MMS2000 (FES, Berlin, Germany, Bohmert & Mattes 2003) | 156 | Under 19 | Juniors (under19) | International Junior | 8 + | HW |
| Mattes et al. 2015 [32] | Germany | Int J Perform Anal Sport | MMS2000 (FES, Berlin, Germany, Bohmert & Mattes 2003) | 24M | Under 23 | Juniors, under 23 | International Junior | 4- | HW & LW |
| Mattes et al. 2019 [41] | Germany | Biol Exerc | MMS2000 (FES, Berlin, Germany, Bohmert & Mattes 2003) | 12M | Unknown | Senior | International, National | 1x | HW & LW |
| Millar et al. 2015 [18] | NZ | Sports | Peach PowerLine instrumentation systems (Peach Innovations, UK) | 4M, 4F | 19–24 | Underage | National Junior | 1x | HW & LW |
| Perić et al. 2019 [25] | Serbia | Int J Perform Anal Sport | BioRowTel, Berkshire, GB | 12M | 23–29 | Senior | International, Collegiate | 2x | HW |
| Smith & Loschner 2002 [5] | Australia | J Sports Sci | Rowsys2 system (custom integrated system) | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | National, International | 1x, 2- | HW & LW |
| Warmenhoven et al. 2017 [61] | Australia, Ireland | Scand J Med Sci Sports | Rowsys2 system (custom integrated system) | 27F | 25.6 + / 4.9 | Senior | National, International | 1x | HW & LW |
| Warmenhoven et al. 2018 [17] | Australia, Ireland | Scand J Med Sci Sports | Rowsys2 system (custom integrated system) | 27F | 25.6 + / 4.9 | Underage and senior | National, International | 1x | HW & LW |
| Warmenhoven et al. 2018 [44] | Australia, Ireland | JSAMS | Rowsys2 system (custom integrated system) | 20M, 20F | 25.6 + / 4.9 | Underage and senior | National, International | 1x | HW & LW |
| Wing & Woodburn 1995 [48] | UK | J Sports Sci | Custom instrumented oar force (metal foil strain gauges) | 5M, 4F | 19–24 | University age | Club | 8 + | HW |
| Holt et al. 2020 [30] | Australia | Front sports act Living | Peach PowerLine instrumentation systems (Peach Innovations, UK) | 14M, 17F | 18–24 | Underage and senior | National Junior | 1x, 2- | HW |
| Holt et al. 2021 [40] | Australia | PLoS One | Peach PowerLine instrumentation systems (Peach Innovations, UK) | 23M, 21F | 18–24 | Underage and senior | National Junior | 1x, 2- | HW |
| Holt et al. 2022 [31] | Australia | Scand J Med Sci Sports | Peach PowerLine instrumentation systems (Peach Innovations, UK) | 14M, 16F | 18–24 | Underage and senior | National, International | 1x, 2- | HW |
| Held et al. 2020 [42] | Germany | Eur J Sport Sci | BioRowTel, Berkshire, GB | 69 | 18–22 | Underage | Club—National | 1x | HW |
HW: heavyweight rowers; LW: lightweight rowers; M: male; F: female; USA: United States of America; UK: United Kingdom; NZ: New Zealand; 2D: two-dimensional; 1x: single scull, 2x: double scull, 2-: coxless pair, 4-: coxless four, 8 + : coxed eight