Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| Study (country) Sample size |
Participants | Outcomes reported |
|---|---|---|
|
Bangash 2022 (UK) N = 16,818 NObs = 16,818 |
Inpatients Median age: 63 % female: 42.1 % Black: 4.0 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision† |
|
Burnett 2022 (USA) N = 46,253 NObs = 151,070 |
Patients undergoing anesthesia Mean age: 57.0 % female: 45.5 % Black: 11.2 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Chelsey 2022 (USA) N = 7693 NObs = 105,467 |
Critically ill patients admitted to ICUs Median age: 64 % female: 41.1 % Black: 25.0 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Clinical outcomes Bias and precision |
|
Fawzy 2022 (USA) N = 1216 (hypoxemia) NObs = 32,282 N = 6673 (clinical outcomes) |
Patients evaluated in emergency department or hospitalized for COVID-19 Mean age: 50.3–64.5 % female: 34.9–49.8 % Black: 39.3 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Clinical outcomes |
|
Fawzy 2023 (USA) N = 24,504 NObs = 213,229 |
Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 Mean age: 60.9–67.5 % female: 41.9 % Black: 15.8 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Clinical outcomes |
|
Garnet 2023 (USA) N = 518 NObs = 518 |
Patients with COPD undergoing oxygen testing Mean age: 69.3 % female: 3.5 % Black: 25.6 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Henry 2022 (USA) N = 26,603 NObs = 128,258 |
Patients admitted to ICU or undergoing surgery during inpatient hospitalization Median age: 64 % female: 41.6 % Black: 4.7 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Clinical outcomes |
|
Kalra 2023 (USA) N = 196 NObs = 16,252 |
Patients on venoarterial or venovenous ECMO Median age: 47–60 % female: 37.0–44.0 % Black: 19.0–33.0 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Kalra 2023 (international registry)* N = 13,171 NObs = 13,171 |
Patients on venovenous ECMO Median age: 49 % female: 44.0 % Black: 14.0 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Seitz 2022 (USA) N = 1024 NObs = 5557 |
Critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation (excluding patients with COVID-19) Median age: 54–58 % female: 43.0–47.0 % Black: 13.8 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Sjoding 2020 (USA) N = 10,001 NObs = 13,261 |
Patients receiving supplemental oxygen and patients in ICUs % Black: 13.3 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia |
|
Sudat 2022 (USA) N = 13,130 NObs = 43,753 |
Hospitalized patients and patients evaluated in emergency department or hospitalized for COVID-19 Median age: 51–60 % female: 52.2–52.3 % Black: 19.5 |
Prevalence occult hypoxemia Bias and precision Clinical outcomes |
|
Valbuena 2022 (USA) N = 28,531 NObs = 30,039 |
Inpatients (medical and surgical) Median age: 66–69 % female: 2.6–5.5 % Black: 21.7 |
Prevalence of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Valbuena 2022 ECMO (USA) N = 372 NObs = 1351 |
Patients in respiratory failure and about to undergo ECMO % female: 32.5 % Black: 13.7 |
Prevalence and adjusted odds of occult hypoxemia Bias and precision |
|
Wong 2021 (USA) N = 87,971 NObs = 87,971 |
Inpatients (including ICU) Median age: 62 % female: 42.9 % Black: 29.6 |
Prevalence and adjusted risk of occult hypoxemia Clinical outcomes Bias and precision |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, k number of studies, NObs number of paired observations
*Preprint
†Pulse oximeter bias and precision evidence from included studies is described in the Discussion section