Table 3.

Pooled Estimates of Pulse Oximeter Mean Bias and Precision by Patient Race or Ethnicity

	N	NObs	Mean bias (95% CI)	Precision (95% CI)
Patients described as Black or African American
Recent evidence*	44,757	90,399	1.16 (0.27 to 2.06)	4.48 (3.10 to 6.49)
Earlier evidence†	459	5753	1.52 (0.95 to 2.09)	1.68 (1.32 to 2.14)
Patients described as Asian, Latinx, Indigenous, Multiracial, or other race or ethnicity
Recent evidence*	31,339	84,691	0.85 (0.04 to 1.66)	3.84 (2.53 to 5.83)
Earlier evidence†	522	2646	0.31 (0.09 to 0.54)	1.55 (0.53 to 4.53)
Patients described as White or Caucasian
Recent evidence*	138,619	280,777	0.44 (-0.22 to 1.09)	3.80 (2.80 to 5.17)
Earlier evidence†	2195	12,870	0.55 (-0.21 to 1.31)	1.55 (1.31 to 1.82)

N_Obs number of paired observations

^*Derived from pulse oximeter accuracy data reported in 11 included studies published between November 2021 and November 2023

^†Pooled estimates calculated by Shi et al,²⁹ based on 14 studies of oximetry data collected from 1990 through late 2020. One small study [27] (N = 372) is included in both earlier and recent evidence.