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. 2024 Sep 27;14:22339. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73549-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Thermal tracking shows the temperature profile during all stages of the supercooling protocol. (A) The temperature of the VCA (15 g) was tracked invasively throughout the supercooling protocol. (B) Temperature dynamics during rewarming in the water bath are shown in more detail. (B-i) Exact thermocouple position in the skin, superficial muscle, and deep muscle, is displayed. (B-ii) After 24 h supercooling at -4 °C the bag was placed in the water bath for 8 min. (B-iii) Temperature recording shows that the center of the VCA requires more time to reach 0 °C. (B-iv) The timetable shows that the VCA core reached 0 °C at 1m40s and 29 °C at 8 min.