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. 2024 Sep 27;14:22130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69410-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Calculated G factor evolution in time at different electron energies for the main hydrolytic species (indicated in each panel), between 1 ps and 1 μs, are reported along with its standard deviation for each calculated point. The Geant4-DNA tool for water radiolysis reported by Shin et al.⁶⁴ has been employed for the calculations.