Fig. 3.

Effective (Causal) Connectivity Differences in COVID-19 Survivors Compared to Control. A true positive edge (shown in black) was defined as a connection between two regions in the COVID-19 group that existed in the control group with the same pathway (i.e., same child, same parent regions). A false positive (shown in blue) was defined as a connection between two regions in the COVID-19 group that did not exist in the control group or did not reflect the same pathway (e.g., different set of parent regions, different child region). A false negative (shown in red) was defined as the absence of a connection between regions for which there was an existing connection in the control group. The number of false negatives (mean difference = 60, permutation distribution 95%CI 22 to 41) and false positives (mean difference = 43, permutation distribution 95%CI 15 to 32) in the COVID-19 group were significant (p < 0.001). See Supplementary Table 3 for node anatomic labels.