Fig. 7. A proposed model for the regulation of α-tubulin lactylation.

The glycolysis is crucial for energy generation in cells and results in the production of lactate. HDAC6 functions as a lactyltransferase to lactylate the α-tubulin K40 residue by using lactate, facilitating microtubule dynamics. HDAC3 catalyzes lactate to enhance lactylation of microtubule-associated proteins that may also affect cytoskeleton functions.