Table 1.
Summary of articles included in systematic review on epidemiology of Oropouche Virus infections.
| Study | Country | Timeframe | Area | Sampling Strategy | Sampled Medium | Laboratory Analysis | Sample Size (N) | Positive (n/N, %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinheiro et al., 1976 [10] | Brazil | February 1975–April 1975 | State of Pará (Mojoì, Palhal, and nearby villages) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Virus isolation | 247 | 69 (27.94%) |
| Serology (hemagglutination) | 282 | 119 (42.20%) | ||||||
| LeDuc et al., 1981 [11] | Brazil | July 1978– September 1978 May 1979–June 1979 |
State of Pará (Quatro Bocas and Tome Acu) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination) | 555 | 164 (29.55%) |
| Pinheiro et al., 1982 [60] | Brazil | 1980 | State of Pará | All subjects with suspected meningitis/encephalitis | CSF | Virus isolation | 22 | 1 (4.55%) |
| Detection of Ig in CSF (hemagglutination) | 22 | 3 (13.64%) | ||||||
| Borborema et al., 1982 [12] | Brazil | May 1981–July 1981 | State of Amazonas (Barcelos and Manaus) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination) | 760 | 254 (33.42%) |
| Vasconcelos et al., 1989 [61] | Brazil | 1987 | State of Maranhao (Porto Franco) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Virus isolation | 75 | 22 (29.33%) |
| Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 197 | 128 (64.97%) | ||||||
| Rosa et al., 1996 [62] | Brazil | June 1994 | State of Pará | Random sampling among residents | Blood | Virus isolation | 296 | 10 (3.38%) |
| Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgG)) | 296 | 245 (82.77%) | ||||||
| Watts et al., 1997 [63] | Peru | 1992 | Loreto Department (Manacamiri, Padre Cocha, Porvenir, Primavera, and Villa Punchana) | Random sampling among residents Follow-up among subjects with negative samples |
Blood | ELISA (IgG) | 1616 | 448 (27.72%) |
| Baisley et al., 1998 [13] | Brazil | June 1996–September 1999 | State of Amazonas (Santa Clara) | Random sampling among residents (age > 5 years) | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgG)) | 1227 | 390 (31.78%) |
| de [63] Figueredo et al., 2004 [64] | Brazil | March 1998–December 1999 | State of Amazonas | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 8557 | 3 (0.04%) |
| Tavares-Neto et al., 2004 [65] | Brazil | 14 August 1999 | State of Acre (Rio Branco) | Random sampling among residents (during HBV vaccination campaign) | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 394 | 9 (2.28%) |
| da Silva Azevedo et al., 2007 [39] | Brazil | March 2003–May 2003 July 2004–August 2004 |
State of Pará (Parauapebas and Porto de Moz) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 234 | 93 (39.74%) |
| Bernarders Terzian et al., 2009 [66] | Brazil | March 2004–October 2006 | State of Acre | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak (age > 5 years) | Blood | RT-qPCR | 69 | 1 (1.45%) |
| Serology (plaque reduction neutralization test) | 357 | 6 (1.68%) | ||||||
| Cruz et al., 2009 [67] | Brazil | October 2006–December 2007 | State of Pará | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination) | 1597 | 90 (5.64%) |
| Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 1597 | 23 (1.44%) | ||||||
| Manock et al., 2009 [22] | Ecuador | Arril 2001–September 2004 | Pastaza Province | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 229 | 0 (-) |
| Serology (plaque reduction neutralization test) | 304 | 1 (0.32%) | ||||||
| Mourao et al., 2009 [68] | Brazil | January 2007–November 2008 | State of Amazonas (Manaus) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak (age > 5 years) | Blood | Serology (ELISA (IgM)) | 631 | 128 (20.29%) |
| Vasconcelos et al., 2009 [40] | Brazil | May 2006–June 2006 | State of Pará (Magalhaes Barata and Maracana) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (hemagglutination + ELISA (IgM)) | 744 | 113 (15.19%) |
| Alvarez-Falconi et al., 2010 [69] | Peru | May 2010 | Loreto Department (Bagazan) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (ELISA (IgM)) | 171 | 108 (63.16%) |
| Forshey et al., 2010 [24] | Bolivia | 2000–2007 | Region of Cochabamba, Conception, Magdalena, and Santa Crus | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak (age > 5 years) Children with suspected Dengue hemorrhagic fever |
Blood | Indirect immunofluorescence assay followed by RT-qPCR | 2089 | 0 (-) |
| Ecuador | Region of Guayaquil | 350 | 0 (-) | |||||
| Peru | Departments of Iquitos, La Merced, Padre Maldonado, Piura, Tumbes, and Yurimaguas | 18201 | 18 (0.10%) | |||||
| Paraguay | Region of Asunción | 240 | 0 (-) | |||||
| Aguilar et al., 2011 [70] | Peru | 1995–2006 | Loreto Department (Iquitos) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | Serology (plaque reduction neutralization test) | 1037 | 154 (14.85%) |
| 2006 | 1037 | 2 (0.19%) | ||||||
| Bastos et al., 2012 [71] | Brazil | 2005–2010 | Amazonas | All subjects with suspected CNS infection | CSF | RT-qPCR | 100 | 3 (3.00%) |
| Bastos et al., 2014 [72] | Brazil | January 2010–August 2012 | Amazonas | All subjects with suspected CNS infection | CSF | RT-qPCR | 165 | 3 (1.82%) |
| Martins et al., 2014 [73] | Brazil | January 2011–May 2011 | Amazonas (Manaus) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 677 | 0 (-) |
| Cardoso et al., 2015 [74] | Brazil | October 2011–July 2012 | Mato Groso | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 529 | 5 (0.95%) |
| Garcia et al., 2016 [75] | Peru | 13 December 2014–8 January 2016 | Madre de Dios | Specimens from individuals sampled for Dengue and Leptospira | Blood | RT-qPCR | 508 | 19 (3.74%) |
| Virus isolation | 508 | 32 (6.30%) | ||||||
| Serology (ELISA (IgM)) | 508 | 122 (24.02%) | ||||||
| Alva-Urcia et al., 2017 [76] | Peru | January 2016–March 2016 | Madre de Dios | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 139 | 12 (8.63%) |
| Silva-Caso et al., 2019 [34] | Peru | January 2016–July 2016 | Huanuco Region | Adults with acute febrile illness lasting < 7 days | Blood | RT-qPCR | 268 | 46 (17.16%) |
| do Nascimiento et al., 2020 [77] | Brazil | February 2016–June 2016 | Amazonas | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 352 | 5 (1.42%) |
| Martins-Luna et al., 2020 [78] | Peru | February 2016–September 2016 | Piura Region | Adults with acute febrile illness | Blood | RT-qPCR | 496 | 131 (26.41%) |
| Rojas et al., 2020 [47] | Paraguay | April 2019 | Not reported | Random sampling among people with suspected arboviral illness | Blood | RT-qPCR | 100 | 0 (-) |
| Salvador et al., 2020 [79] | Brazil | November 2016–December 2017 | Bahia (Salvador) | Subjects referring to a private local hospital with Dengue-like symptoms | Blood | RT-qPCR | 53 | 2 (3.77%) |
| Elbadry et al., 2021 [23] | Haiti | 2014 | Gressier | All children from a local school with an acute febrile illness | Blood | RT-qPCR | 1250 | 1 (0.08%) |
| Gaillet et al., 2021 [16] | French Guyana | 11 August 2020–15 October 2020 | Saúl | All cases with Dengue-like symptoms | Blood | RT-qPCR on microneutralization test | 95 | 23 (24.21%) |
| Saatkamp et al., 2021 [80] | Brazil | 2016 | State of Pará | All febrile subjects of adult age with an acute febrile status | Blood | RT-qPCR | 49 | 0 (-) |
| Salgado et al., 2021 [81] | Brazil | Jaunuary 2014–December 2015 | Nationwide | Random sampling from Brazilian armed forces | Blood | Serology (Hemagglutination test) | 298 | 2 (0.67%) |
| Carvalho et al., 2022 [82] | Brazil | Jaunuary 2018–February 2018 | State of Pará | All subjects reporting a febrile illness in the previous 30 days or had contact with them | Blood | Virus isolation | 94 | 14 (14.89%) |
| Serology (ELISA (IgM)) | 94 | 36 (38.30%) | ||||||
| Ciuoderis et al., 2022 [32] | Colombia | February 2019–Jaunuary 2022 | Regions of Calì, Cucuta, Leticia, and Villavicencio | All febrile subjects aged over 5 years | Blood | RT-qPCR | 2967 | 105 (3.54%) |
| Dias et al., 2022 [83] | Brazil | February 2016–March 2016 | Mato Groso | Retrospective analysis of samples collected in subjects with a febrile illness from < 7 days | Blood | RT-qPCR | 106 | 0 (-) |
| Gil-Mora et al., 2022 [84] | Colombia | 2018 | Cauca Department | All subjects > 18 years from the parent municipalities | Blood | Serology (plaque reduction neutralization test) | 505 | 10 (1.98%) |
| Gonçalves Maciel et al., 2022 [85] | Peru | February 2018–May 2019 | Puerto Maldonado, Piura, and Huanuco | All subjects reporting skin rash | Blood | RT-qPCR | 340 | 0 (-) |
| Watts et al., 2022 [15] | Peru | 1993–1997 | Loreto department | All febrile subjects aged 1 to 60 years, symptoms lasting < 5 days | Blood | IFAT | 6607 | 68 (1.03%) |
| De Lima et al., 2024 [86] | Brazil | August 2014–May 2015 | Amapà region | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 166 | 0 (-) |
| Serology (plaque reduction neutralization test) | 166 | 17 (10.24%) | ||||||
| Forato et al., 2024 [41] | Brazil | December 2018–December 2021 | Roraima (11 municipalities) | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 883 | 0 (-) |
| Grisales-Nieto et al., 2024 [19] | Colombia + Brazil | November 2020 | Department of Leticia and Amazonas (Colombia) and State of Amazonas (Brazil) | Random sampling from residents negative to other arboviruses | Blood | RT-qPCR | 175 | 1 (0.57%) |
| Moreira et al., 2024 [87] | Brazil | January 2022–March 2023 | States of Rondonia and Amazonas | All subjects with acute febrile illness lasting 5 to 7 days during local outbreak Excluded indigenous people, pregnant women, and all subjects with positive testing for other arboviruses |
Blood | RT-qPCR | 351 | 27 (7.69%) |
| Scachetti et al., 2024 [88] | Brazil | December 2023–March 2024 | State of Amazonas | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 93 | 10 (10.75%) |
| Silva et al., 2024 [89] | Brazil | 2019–2020 | State of Amazonas | All subjects > 3 years from the communities of Cararà and Espirito Santo | Blood | Serology (immunochromatography IgM) | 205 | 0 (-) |
| Serology (immunochromatography IgG) | 205 | 0 (-) | ||||||
| Sanchez-Lerma et al., 2024 [90] | Colombia | January 2021–June 2023 | Department of Meta | All subjects with acute febrile illness during local outbreak | Blood | RT-qPCR | 100 | 0 (-) |
Note: RT-qPCR = real-time polymerase chain reaction; IFAT = indirect immunofluorescent antibody test; CNS = central nervous system; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.