Table 2. Comparison of shoulder and hip rotation range of motion.

Results are presented as mean (standard deviation). *Statistically significant difference: P<0.05

GIRLoss: loss of glenohumeral internal rotation; GERInsufficiency: glenohumeral external-rotation insufficiency; TRMD: total rotational motion deficit; LBP: low-back pain; NLBP: non-low-back pain

Direction of movement, °		LBP (n=59)	NLBP (n=117)	Effect size	P
GIRLoss		18.7 (11.7)	13.1 (12.6)	0.46	0.01*
GERInsufficiency		4.5 (8.4)	4.6 (8.8)	0.01	0.96
TRMD		14.2 (12.8)	8.3 (13.5)	0.45	0.01*
Hip internal rotation	Non-dominant leg	34.5 (11.3)	43.4 (8.6)	0.92	<0.01*
	Dominant leg	43.3 (9.7)	44.2 (8.8)	0.11	0.52
Hip external rotation	Non-dominant leg	48.9 (8.6)	49.2 (7.9)	0.04	0.81
	Dominant leg	49.8 (7.8)	49.0 (7.9)	0.09	0.23
Hip total rotation	Non-dominant leg	83.4 (12.5)	92.6 (10.3)	0.83	<0.01*
	Dominant leg	93.0 (11.5)	93.3 (8.8)	0.02	0.89