Fig. 2. Optical characteristics of the ECD.

a Schematic diagram of the ECD structure. b The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves and c transmittance spectra with the different potential ranges for ECD at a sweep rate of 100 mV s⁻¹. d Schematic of the polarizers modulated ECD unit. The transmission spectra of the unit can be tuned by applying different polarizer angles of P₁. e Color variation of ECD corresponds to different polarization angles and voltages. f Transmittance spectra of ECD (bleached state) at different polarization angles. g Transmittance evolution curves of the ECD at a wavelength of 550 nm. The time varies from 0 to 4000 s with the device cycling on/off 200 times. It shows the transmittance for the 1st, 100th, and 200th cycles, with results for the remaining cycles omitted and marked as a break on the x-axis