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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 29.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet. 2023 Nov 30;56(2):234–244. doi: 10.1038/s41588-023-01593-7

Table 1. 14 084 individuals diagnosed with ADHD vary on a number of clinically relevant adjacent traits.

Dx, diagnosis; Rx, prescription; ICD-10, international classification of disease, 10th revision, unmodified 2019 version; ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Full description and definition of the traits are presented in Supplementary table 1.

Category Trait Description Reference Group (0) N0 Outcome Group (1) N1
Medication Any ADHD Rx Recorded prescription for any ADHD medication never 1756 ever 12328
Stimulant Rx Recorded prescription for stimulant medication never 2167 ever 11917
Atomoxetine Rx Recorded prescription for atomoxetine never 9948 ever 4136
Number of ADHD Rx Number of recorded prescriptions for any ADHD medication ≤ 29 7052 > 29 7032
Adjacent diagnosis (Specific) Any specific dx Any recorded diagnosis for an iPSYCH ascertained, specific disorder never 10478 ever 3606
ASD dx Autism spectrum disorder (ICD-10: F84.0, F84.1, F84.5, F84.8 F84.9) never 11800 ever 2284
AFF dx Affective disorder (ICD-10: F30–39) never 12796 ever 1288
ANO dx Anorexia (ICD-10: F50.0) never 14020 ever 64
SCZ/BP dx Schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (ICD-10: F20, F30–31) never 13769 ever 315
Adjacent diagnosis (Broad) Any broad dx Any recorded diagnosis for a mental, behavioral, and/or neurodevelopmental disorders according to ICD-10, chapter F never 3171 ever 10913
Substance use disorder (SUD) dx Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (ICD-10: F10-F19) never 11457 ever 2627
Psychosis dx Schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional, and other non-mood psychotic disorders (ICD-10: F20-F29) never 13133 ever 951
Mood dx Mood/affective disorders (ICD-10: F30-F39) never 12250 ever 1843
Anxiety dx Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders (ICD-10: F40-F49) never 10373 ever 3711
Physio-behavioral dx Behavioral syndromes from physiological disturbances and physical factors (ICD-10: F50-F59) never 13578 ever 506
Personality dx Disorders of adult personality and behavior (ICD-10: F60-F69) never 12391 ever 1693
Intellectual dx Intellectual disabilities (ICD-10: F70-F79) never 12592 ever 1492
Developmental dx Pervasive and specific developmental disorders (ICD-10: F80-F89) never 8713 ever 5371
Childhood dx Behavioral and emotional disorders with childhood and adolescent onset (ICD-10: F90-F99). Excludes F90.0–9 and F98.8.. never 10264 ever 3820
Need of Care Number of ADHD contacts Number of recorded hospital contacts with an ADHD diagnosis (ICD-10: F90.0, only) ≤2 9732 >2 4352
First ADHD dx as an adult Age at first recorded ADHD diagnosis (ICD-10: F90.0, only) <18 years 10761 ≥18 years 3323
Sex Sex Biological sex recorded at birth female 3668 male 10416