Table 1.

Potential nephrotoxic effects of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Pharmaceutical treatment	Potential nephrotoxic effects
Sulfasalazine	Tubulointerstitial nephritis, gloermurlonephritis
CsA	Nephritis, interstitial fibrosis
TNFα Inhibitors	Glomerulonephritis
Methotrexate	None at conventional doses
Azathioprine	No direct evidence of a renal effect
Corticosteroids	None
Antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin)	Acute kidney injury
Vedolizumab	Acute interstitial nephritis
Tofacitinib	Acute kidney injury
Filgotinib	Increased drug concentration in renal impairment

CsA: Cyclosporine A.