Fig. 3.

Impact of phosphorus and pathogen inoculation on soil microbiome. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P due to different fertilizer treatments. The +RS groups indicated treatments inoculated with the pathogen. A Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot illustrating the Bray-Curtis distance of bacterial and fungal communities among various treatments. PERMANOVA test evaluated differences due to soil compartment and pathogen inoculation, while the Mantel test assessed the effect of phosphorus gradient. B Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0.05, each genus with at least six or more zOTUs). C Cladogram showing fungal zOTUs correlated to phosphorus stress in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0.05, each phylum with at least six or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the −P, UP, or AP groups using the Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The phylum classification is labelled around the cladogram. D The relative abundances of identified key microbial taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere soils. The numbers in boxplots in A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H and for AMF correspond to the number of zOTUs included for the given taxon