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. 2024 Sep 28;23:353. doi: 10.1186/s12933-024-02438-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — (a) HRV indices in patients with T2DM. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HRV, heart rate variability; NDM, non-diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency; LF/HF, the ratio of low frequency/high frequency; SDNN, SD of all normal to normal intervals; SDANN, SD deviation of sequential 5-minute normal to normal interval; SDNN index, the mean value of the SD of all the normal normal to normal intervals in every 5-minute interval within 24 h; rMSSD, the root mean square of successive differences; pNN50, the number of pairs of adjacent normal to normal intervals differing by > 50 ms in the entire recording divided by the total number of normal to normal intervals. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. NDM group. (b) The thicknesses of various adipose tissues in patients with DM. NDM, non-diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; EPAT, extraperitoneal adipose tissue; IPAT, intraperitoneal adipose tissue; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue. ***P < 0.001 vs. NDM group