Figure 1.

Clinical benefits associated with slowing of cognitive decline. A, Assuming a consistent benefit of treatment with time, the delay to reach the same degree of cognitive impairment compounds with time in the treatment arm. B, The cognitive difference between treatment and placebo arms may compound with time. (Figure adapted from Assunção et al., 2022, Fig. 2 ). C, Summative clinical benefits are composed of both the time benefit and cognitive benefit. It is calculated as the area between the normal decline trajectory without treatment and the slowed decline with treatment. D, Possible summative clinical benefits in the event of a time-limited clinical effect of treatment.