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. 2024 Sep 16;15:1437869. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437869

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Copyright © 2024 Zhuang, Yin, Yang, Man, Wang, Geng and Shi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Assumptions and design of the bidirectional and mediation MR analyses. Firstly, a two-sample bidirectional MR was performed to investigate the causal relationships between Gut microbiota,Immune cells,Serum metabolites (exposure) and Lymphoid leukaemia,ALL,CLL (outcome). Secondly, Serum metabolites (mediator) were selected for subsequent mediation analyses. Finally, a two-step MR analysis was conducted to detect potential mediating metabolites (Step1, the effect of Immune cells on Serum metabolites; Step2, the effect of Serum metabolites on Lymphoid leukaemia,ALL,CLL).